MicroStructPy - Microstructure Mesh Generation in Python¶
MicroStructPy is a microstructure mesh generator written in Python. Features of MicroStructPy include:
2D and 3D microstructures
Grain size, shape, orientation, and position control
Polycrystals, amorphous phases, and voids
Mesh verification
Visualizations
Output to common file formats
Customizable workflow
The primary steps to create a microstructure. 1) seed the domain with particles, 2) create a Voronoi power diagram, and 3) convert the diagram into an unstructured mesh.¶
Examples¶
These images were created using MicroStructPy. For more examples, see the Examples section.
Examples created using MicroStructPy.¶
Quick Start¶
To install MicroStructPy, download it from PyPI using:
pip install microstructpy
If there is an error with the install, try pip install pybind11 first,
then install MicroStructPy.
This will create a command line executable and python package both
named microstructpy.
To use the command line interface, create a file called input.xml and copy
this into it:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.15 </size>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
</domain>
</input>
Next, run the file from the command line:
microstructpy input.xml
This will produce three text files and three image files: seeds.txt,
polymesh.txt, trimesh.txt, seeds.png, polymesh.png, and
trimesh.png.
The text files contain all of the data related to the seed geometries and
meshes.
The image files contain:
The output plots are: 1) seed geometries, 2) polygonal mesh, and 3) triangular mesh.¶
The same results can be produced using this script:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import microstructpy as msp
phase = {'shape': 'circle', 'size': 0.15}
domain = msp.geometry.Square()
# Unpositioned list of seeds
seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList.from_info(phase, domain.area)
# Position seeds in domain
seeds.position(domain)
# Create polygonal mesh
polygon_mesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(seeds, domain)
# Create triangular mesh
triangle_mesh = msp.meshing.TriMesh.from_polymesh(polygon_mesh)
# Plot outputs
for output in [seeds, polygon_mesh, triangle_mesh]:
plt.figure()
output.plot(edgecolor='k')
plt.axis('image')
plt.axis([-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.5])
plt.show()
Publications¶
If you use MicroStructPy in you work, please consider including these citations in your bibliography:
K. A. Hart and J. J. Rimoli, Generation of statistically representative microstructures with direct grain geomety control, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 370 (2020), 113242. (BibTeX) (DOI)
K. A. Hart and J. J. Rimoli, MicroStructPy: A statistical microstructure mesh generator in Python, SoftwareX, 12 (2020), 100595. (BibTeX) (DOI)
The news article AE Doctoral Student Kenneth A. Hart Presents MicroStructPy to the World, written by the School of Aerospace Engineering at Georgia Tech, describes MicroStructPy for a general audience.
License and Attribution¶
MicroStructPy is open source and freely available. Copyright for MicroStructPy is held by Georgia Tech Research Corporation. MicroStructPy is a major part of Kenneth (Kip) Hart’s doctoral thesis, advised by Prof. Julian Rimoli.
Getting Started¶
Download & Installation¶
To install MicroStructPy, download it from PyPI using:
pip install microstructpy
This installs both the microstructpy Python package and the
microstructpy command line interface (CLI).
If there is an error with the install, try to install pybind11 first.
You may need to add the --user flag, depending on your permissions.
To verify installation of the package, run the following commands:
python -c 'import microstructpy'
microstructpy --help
This verifies that 1) the python package has installed correctly and 2) the
command line interface (CLI) has been found by the shell.
If there is an issue with the CLI, the install location may not be in the
PATH variable.
The most likely install location is ~/.local/bin for Mac or Linux machines.
For Windows, it may be in a path similar to
~\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python36\Scripts\.
Note
If the install fails and the last several error messages reference
pybind11, run pip install pybind11 first then install MicroStructPy.
Running Demonstrations¶
MicroStructPy comes with several demonstrations to familiarize users with its capabilities and options. A demonstration can be run from the command line by:
microstructpy --demo=minimal.xml
When a demo is run, the XML input file is copied to the current working directory. See Examples for a full list of available examples and demostrations.
Development¶
Contributions to MicroStructPy are most welcome. To download and install the source code for the project:
git clone https://github.com/kip-hart/MicroStructPy.git
pip install -e MicroStructPy
MicroStructPy uses tox to run tests and build the documentation. To perform these tests:
pip install tox
cd MicroStructPy
tox
Please use the issue and pull request features of the GitHub repository to report bugs and modify the code.
Examples¶
The following contains examples of MicroStructPy. These examples include an introduction to the XML input files, some more advanced input files used on the CLI, and scripts that use the Python package.
Input File Introduction¶
Basic Example¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is intro_1_basic.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=intro_1_basic.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<name> Matrix </name>
<material_type> matrix </material_type>
<fraction> 2 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1.5 </scale>
</size>
</material>
<material>
<name> Inclusions </name>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<diameter> 2 </diameter>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<settings>
<verbose> True </verbose>
<directory> intro_1_basic </directory>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
There are two materials, in a 2:1 ratio based on volume. The first is a matrix, which is represented with small circles. The size and shape of matrix grain particles are not critical, since the boundaries between them will be removed before triangular meshing. The second material consists of circular inclusions with diameter 2.
Domain Geometry¶
The domain of the microstructure is a square with its bottom-left corner fixed to the origin. The side length is 20, which is 10x the size of the inclusions to ensure that the microstructure is statistically representative.
Settings¶
Many settings have been left to their defaults, with the exceptions being the verbose mode and output directory.
By default, MicroStructPy does not print status updates to the command line. Switching the verbose mode on will regularly print the status of the code.
The output directory is a filepath for writing text and image files. By default, MicroStructPy outputs texts files containing data on the seeds, polygon mesh, and triangular mesh as well as the corresponding image files, saved in PNG format.
Note
The <directory> field can be an absolute or relative filepath. If it is
relative, outputs are written relative to the input file, not the
current working directory.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 1.1 - Fig. 1.3.
Introduction 1 - seed geometries.¶
Introduction 1 - polygonal mesh.¶
Introduction 1 - triangular mesh.¶
Quality Controls¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is intro_2_quality.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=intro_2_quality.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<name> Matrix </name>
<material_type> matrix </material_type>
<fraction> 2 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1.5 </scale>
</size>
</material>
<material>
<name> Inclusions </name>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<diameter> 2 </diameter>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<settings>
<directory> intro_2_quality </directory>
<verbose> True </verbose>
<!-- Mesh Quality Settings -->
<mesh_min_angle> 25 </mesh_min_angle>
<mesh_max_volume> 1 </mesh_max_volume>
<mesh_max_edge_length> 0.1 </mesh_max_edge_length>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
There are two materials, in a 2:1 ratio based on volume. The first is a matrix, which is represented with small circles. The second material consists of circular inclusions with diameter 2.
Domain Geometry¶
These two materials fill a square domain. The bottom-left corner of the rectangle is the origin, which puts the rectangle in the first quadrant. The side length is 20, which is 10x the size of the inclusions to ensure that microstructure is statistically representative.
Settings¶
The first two settings determine the output directory and whether to run the program in verbose mode. The following settings determine the quality of the triangular mesh.
The minimum interior angle of the elements is 25 degrees, ensuring lower aspect ratios compared to the first example. The maximum area of the elements is also limited to 1, which populates the matrix with smaller elements. Finally, The maximum edge length of elements at interfaces is set to 0.1, which increasing the mesh density surrounding the inclusions and at the boundary of the domain.
Note that the edge length control is currently unavailable in 3D.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 2.1 - Fig. 2.3.
Introduction 2 - seed geometries.¶
Introduction 2 - polygonal mesh.¶
Introduction 2 - triangular mesh.¶
Size & Shape¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is intro_3_size_shape.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=intro_3_size_shape.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<name> Matrix </name>
<material_type> matrix </material_type>
<fraction> 2 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1.5 </scale>
</size>
</material>
<material>
<name> Inclusions </name>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> triang </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 2 </scale>
<c> 1 </c>
</size>
<aspect_ratio>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 1 </loc>
<scale> 2 </scale>
</aspect_ratio>
<angle> random </angle>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<settings>
<directory> intro_3_size_shape </directory>
<verbose> True </verbose>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
There are two materials, in a 2:1 ratio based on volume. The first is a matrix, which is represented with small circles.
The second material consists of elliptical inclusions with size ranging from 0 to 2 and aspect ratio ranging from 1 to 3. Note that the size is defined as the diameter of a circle with equivalent area. The orientation angle of the inclusions are random, specifically they are uniformly distributed from 0 to 360 degrees.
Domain Geometry¶
These two materials fill a square domain. The bottom-left corner of the rectangle is the origin, which puts the rectangle in the first quadrant. The side length is 20, which is 10x the size of the inclusions to ensure that the microstructure is statistically representative.
Settings¶
Many settings have been left to their defaults, with the exceptions being the verbose mode and output directory.
By default, MicroStructPy does not print status updates to the command line. Switching the verbose mode on will regularly print the status of the code.
The output directory is a filepath for writing text and image files. By default, MicroStructPy outputs texts files containing data on the seeds, polygon mesh, and triangular mesh as well as the corresponding image files, saved in PNG format.
Note
The <directory> field can be an absolute or relative filepath. If it is
relative, outputs are written relative to the input file, not the
current working directory.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 3.1 - Fig. 3.3.
Introduction 3 - seed geometries.¶
Introduction 3 - polygonal mesh.¶
Introduction 3 - triangular mesh.¶
Oriented Grains¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is intro_4_oriented.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=intro_4_oriented.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<name> Matrix </name>
<material_type> matrix </material_type>
<fraction> 2 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1.5 </scale>
</size>
</material>
<material>
<name> Inclusions </name>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> triang </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 2 </scale>
<c> 1 </c>
</size>
<aspect_ratio>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 1 </loc>
<scale> 2 </scale>
</aspect_ratio>
<angle_deg>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> -10 </loc>
<scale> 20 </scale>
</angle_deg>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<settings>
<directory> intro_4_oriented </directory>
<verbose> True </verbose>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
There are two materials, in a 2:1 ratio based on volume. The first is a matrix, which is represented with small circles.
The second material consists of elliptical inclusions with size ranging from 0 to 2 and aspect ratio ranging from 1 to 3. Note that the size is defined as the diameter of a circle with equivalent area. The orientation angle of the inclusions are uniformly distributed between -10 and +10 degrees, relative to the +x axis.
Domain Geometry¶
These two materials fill a square domain. The bottom-left corner of the rectangle is the origin, which puts the rectangle in the first quadrant. The side length is 20, which is 10x the size of the inclusions to ensure that the microstructure is statistically representative.
Settings¶
Many settings have been left to their defaults, with the exceptions being the verbose mode and output directory.
By default, MicroStructPy does not print status updates to the command line. Switching the verbose mode on will regularly print the status of the code.
The output directory is a filepath for writing text and image files. By default, MicroStructPy outputs texts files containing data on the seeds, polygon mesh, and triangular mesh as well as the corresponding image files, saved in PNG format.
Note
The <directory> field can be an absolute or relative filepath. If it is
relative, outputs are written relative to the input file, not the
current working directory.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 4.1 - Fig. 4.3.
Introduction 4 - seed geometries.¶
Introduction 4 - polygonal mesh.¶
Introduction 4 - triangular mesh.¶
Plot Controls¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is intro_5_plotting.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=intro_5_plotting.xml
The full text of the file is given below.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<material_type> matrix </material_type>
<fraction> 2 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1.5 </scale>
</size>
<color> pink </color>
</material>
<material>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<diameter> 2 </diameter>
<color> lime </color>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<settings>
<filetypes>
<seeds_plot> png </seeds_plot>
<poly_plot> png, pdf </poly_plot>
<tri_plot> png </tri_plot>
<tri_plot> eps </tri_plot>
<tri_plot> pdf </tri_plot>
</filetypes>
<directory> intro_5_plotting </directory>
<verbose> True </verbose>
<seeds_kwargs>
<alpha> 0.5 </alpha>
<edgecolors> none </edgecolors>
</seeds_kwargs>
<poly_kwargs>
<linewidth> 3 </linewidth>
<edgecolors> #A4058F </edgecolors>
</poly_kwargs>
<tri_kwargs>
<linewidth> 0.2 </linewidth>
<edgecolor> navy </edgecolor>
</tri_kwargs>
<plot_axes> False </plot_axes>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
There are two materials, in a 2:1 ratio based on volume. The first is a pink matrix, which is represented with small circles.
The second material consists of lime green circular inclusions with diameter 2.
Domain Geometry¶
These two materials fill a square domain. The bottom-left corner of the rectangle is the origin, which puts the rectangle in the first quadrant. The side length is 20, which is 10x the size of the inclusions.
Settings¶
PNG files of each step in the process will be output, as well as the
intermediate text files.
They are saved in a folder named intro_5_plotting, in the current directory
(i.e ./intro_5_plotting).
PDF files of the poly and tri mesh are also generated, plus an EPS file for the
tri mesh.
The seeds are plotted with transparency to show the overlap between them. The poly mesh is plotted with thick purple edges and the tri mesh is plotted with thin navy edges.
In all of the plots, the axes are toggles off, creating image files with minimal borders.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 5.1 - Fig. 5.3.
Introduction 5 - seed geometries.¶
Introduction 5 - polygonal mesh.¶
Introduction 5 - triangular mesh.¶
Culmination¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is intro_6_culmination.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=intro_6_culmination.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<material_type> matrix </material_type>
<fraction> 2 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1.5 </scale>
</size>
<color> pink </color>
</material>
<material>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> triang </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 2 </scale>
<c> 1 </c>
</size>
<aspect_ratio>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 1 </loc>
<scale> 2 </scale>
</aspect_ratio>
<angle_deg>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> -10 </loc>
<scale> 20 </scale>
</angle_deg>
<color> lime </color>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<settings>
<filetypes>
<seeds_plot> png </seeds_plot>
<poly_plot> png, pdf </poly_plot>
<tri_plot> png </tri_plot>
<tri_plot> eps </tri_plot>
<tri_plot> pdf </tri_plot>
</filetypes>
<directory> intro_6_culmination </directory>
<verbose> True </verbose>
<mesh_min_angle> 25 </mesh_min_angle>
<mesh_max_volume> 1 </mesh_max_volume>
<mesh_max_edge_length> 0.1 </mesh_max_edge_length>
<seeds_kwargs>
<alpha> 0.5 </alpha>
<edgecolors> none </edgecolors>
</seeds_kwargs>
<poly_kwargs>
<linewidth> 3 </linewidth>
<edgecolors> #A4058F </edgecolors>
</poly_kwargs>
<tri_kwargs>
<linewidth> 0.2 </linewidth>
<edgecolor> navy </edgecolor>
</tri_kwargs>
<plot_axes> False </plot_axes>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
There are two materials, in a 2:1 ratio based on volume. The first is a pink matrix, which is represented with small circles.
The second material consists of lime green elliptical inclusions with size ranging from 0 to 2 and aspect ratio ranging from 1 to 3. Note that the size is defined as the diameter of a circle with equivalent area. The orientation angle of the inclusions are uniformly distributed between -10 and +10 degrees, relative to the +x axis.
Domain Geometry¶
These two materials fill a square domain. The bottom-left corner of the rectangle is the origin, which puts the rectangle in the first quadrant. The side length is 20, which is 10x the size of the inclusions.
Settings¶
PNG files of each step in the process will be output, as well as the
intermediate text files.
They are saved in a folder named intro_5_plotting, in the current directory
(i.e ./intro_5_plotting).
PDF files of the poly and tri mesh are also generated, plus an EPS file for the
tri mesh.
The seeds are plotted with transparency to show the overlap between them. The poly mesh is plotted with thick purple edges and the tri mesh is plotted with thin navy edges.
In all of the plots, the axes are toggles off, creating image files with minimal borders.
The minimum interior angle of the elements is 25 degrees, ensuring lower aspect ratios compared to the first example. The maximum area of the elements is also limited to 1, which populates the matrix with smaller elements. Finally, The maximum edge length of elements at interfaces is set to 0.1, which increasing the mesh density surrounding the inclusions and at the boundary of the domain.
Note that the edge length control is currently unavailable in 3D.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 6.1 - Fig. 6.3.
Introduction 6 - seed geometries.¶
Introduction 6 - polygonal mesh.¶
Introduction 6 - triangular mesh.¶
CLI Examples¶
Elliptical Grains¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is elliptical_grains.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=elliptical_grains.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="0.5" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<fraction> 2 </fraction>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<a>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0.2 </loc>
<scale> 0.35 </scale>
</a>
<b> 0.05 </b>
<angle_deg>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 20 </scale>
</angle_deg>
<color> orange </color>
</material>
<material>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<area>
<dist_type> lognorm </dist_type>
<scale> 0.004 </scale>
<s> 1.0 </s>
</area>
<color> plum </color>
</material>
<material>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<area>
<dist_type> lognorm </dist_type>
<scale> 0.004 </scale>
<s> 1.0 </s>
</area>
<color> lightblue </color>
</material>
<material>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<area>
<dist_type> lognorm </dist_type>
<scale> 0.004 </scale>
<s> 1.0 </s>
</area>
<color> lightgreen </color>
</material>
<material>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<area>
<dist_type> lognorm </dist_type>
<scale> 0.004 </scale>
<s> 1.0 </s>
</area>
<color> khaki </color>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> rectangle </shape>
<side_lengths> (2.4, 1.2) </side_lengths>
</domain>
<settings>
<verbose> True </verbose>
<mesh_min_angle> 20 </mesh_min_angle>
<mesh_max_edge_length> 0.01 </mesh_max_edge_length>
<mesh_max_volume> 0.004 </mesh_max_volume>
<directory> elliptical_grains </directory>
<plot_axes> False </plot_axes>
<seeds_kwargs>
<linewidth> 1.0 </linewidth>
</seeds_kwargs>
<poly_kwargs>
<linewidth> 1.0 </linewidth>
</poly_kwargs>
<tri_kwargs>
<linewidth> 0.1 </linewidth>
</tri_kwargs>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
There are five materials, represented in equal proportions. The first material consists of ellipses and the semi-major axes are uniformly distributed, \(A \sim U(0.20, 0.75)\). The semi-minor axes are fixed at 0.05, meaning the aspect ratio of these seeds are 4-15. The orientation angles of the ellipses are uniform random in distribution from 0 to 20 degrees counterclockwise from the +x axis.
The remaining four materials are all the same, with lognormal grain area distributions. The only difference among these materials is the color, which was done for visual effect.
Domain Geometry¶
The domain of the microstructure is a rectangle with side lengths 2.4 in the x-direction and 1.2 in the y-direction. The domain is centered on the origin, though the position of the domain is not relevant considering that the plot axes are switched off.
Settings¶
The aspect ratio of elements in the triangular mesh is controlled by setting the minimum interior angle for the elements at 20 degrees, the maximum element volume to 0.001, and the maximum edge length at grain boundaries to 0.01.
The function will output only plots of the microstructure process
(no text files), and those plots are saved as PNGs.
They are saved in a folder named elliptical_grains, in the current directory
(i.e ./elliptical_grains).
The axes are turned off in these plots, creating PNG files with minimal whitespace.
Finally, the linewiths in the seeds plot, polygonal mesh plot, and the triangular mesh plot are 0.5, 0.5, 0.1 respectively.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 4 - Fig. 6.
Elliptical grain example - seed geometries.¶
Elliptical grain example - polygonal mesh.¶
Elliptical grain example - triangular mesh.¶
Minimal Example¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is minimal_paired.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=minimal_paired.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.09 </size>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
</domain>
<settings>
<directory> minimal </directory>
<plot_axes> False </plot_axes>
<color_by> seed number </color_by>
<colormap> Paired </colormap>
<mesher> gmsh </mesher>
<mesh_size> 0.03 </mesh_size>
</settings>
</input>
Material¶
There is only one material, with a constant size of 0.09.
Domain Geometry¶
The material fills a square domain. The default side length is 1, meaning the domain is greater than 10x larger than the grains.
Settings¶
The function will output plots of the microstructure process and those plots
are saved as PNGs.
They are saved in a folder named minimal, in the current directory
(i.e ./minimal).
The axes are turned off in these plots, creating PNG files with minimal whitespace.
This example also demonstrates how to use gmsh to generate a mesh, using the
<mesher> and <mesh_size> tags in the input file.
Finally, the seeds and grains are colored by their seed number, not by material.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 7 - Fig. 9.
Minimal example - seed geometries.¶
Minimal example - polygonal mesh.¶
Minimal example - triangular mesh.¶
Picritic Basalt¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is basalt_circle.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=basalt_circle.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<name> Plagioclase </name>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 45.2 </loc>
<scale> 0.2 </scale>
</fraction>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> aphanitic_cdf.csv </filename>
</size>
<color> #BDBDBD </color>
</material>
<material>
<name> Olivine </name>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 19.1 </loc>
<scale> 0.2 </scale>
</fraction>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> olivine_cdf.csv </filename>
</size>
<aspect_ratio>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 1.0 </loc>
<scale> 2.0 </scale>
</aspect_ratio>
<angle_deg>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> -90 </loc>
<scale> 180 </scale>
</angle_deg>
<color> #99BA73 </color>
</material>
<material>
<name> Diopside </name>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 13.2 </loc>
<scale> 0.2 </scale>
</fraction>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> aphanitic_cdf.csv </filename>
</size>
<color> #709642 </color>
</material>
<material>
<name> Hypersthene </name>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 16.6 </loc>
<scale> 0.2 </scale>
</fraction>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> aphanitic_cdf.csv </filename>
</size>
<color> #876E59 </color>
</material>
<material>
<name> Magnetite </name>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 3.35 </loc>
<scale> 0.2 </scale>
</fraction>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> aphanitic_cdf.csv </filename>
</size>
<color> #6E6E6E </color>
</material>
<material>
<name> Chromite </name>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 0.65 </loc>
<scale> 0.2 </scale>
</fraction>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> aphanitic_cdf.csv </filename>\
</size>
<color> #545454 </color>
</material>
<material>
<name> Ilmenite </name>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 0.65 </loc>
<scale> 0.2 </scale>
</fraction>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> aphanitic_cdf.csv </filename>
</size>
<color> #6B6B6B </color>
</material>
<material>
<name> Apatite </name>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 3.35 </loc>
<scale> 0.2 </scale>
</fraction>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> aphanitic_cdf.csv </filename>
</size>
<color> #ABA687 </color>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> circle </shape>
<diameter> 10 </diameter>
</domain>
<settings>
<directory> basalt_circle </directory>
<filetypes>
<seeds_plot> png </seeds_plot>
<poly_plot> png </poly_plot>
<tri_plot> png </tri_plot>
<verify_plot> png </verify_plot>
</filetypes>
<plot_axes> False </plot_axes>
<verbose> True </verbose>
<verify> True </verify>
<mesh_max_edge_length> 0.01 </mesh_max_edge_length>
<mesh_min_angle> 20 </mesh_min_angle>
<mesh_max_volume> 0.05 </mesh_max_volume>
<seeds_kwargs>
<linewidths> 0.2 </linewidths>
</seeds_kwargs>
<poly_kwargs>
<linewidths> 0.2 </linewidths>
</poly_kwargs>
<tri_kwargs>
<linewidths> 0.1 </linewidths>
</tri_kwargs>
</settings>
</input>
Material 1 - Plagioclase¶
Plagioclase composes approximately 45% of this picritic basalt sample. It is an aphanitic component, meaning fine-grained, and follows a custom size distribution.
Material 2 - Olivine¶
Olivine composes approximately 19% of this picritic basalt sample. There are large phenocrysts of olivine in picritic basalt, so the crystals are generally larger than the other components and have a non-circular shape. The orientation of the phenocrysts is uniform random, with the aspect ratio varying from 1 to 3 uniformly.
Materials 3-8¶
Diopside, hypersthene, magnetite, chromite, ilmenite, and apatie compose approximately 36% of this picritic basalt sample. They are aphanitic components, meaning fine-grained, and follow a custom size distribution.
Domain Geometry¶
These materials fill a circular domain with a diameter of 30 mm.
Settings¶
The function will output plots of the microstructure process and those plots
are saved as PNGs.
They are saved in a folder named basalt_circle, in the current directory
(i.e ./basalt_circle).
The axes are turned off in these plots, creating PNG files with minimal whitespace.
Mesh controls are introducted to increase grid resolution, particularly at the grain boundaries.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 10 - Fig. 12.
Picritic basalt example - seed geometries¶
Picritic basalt example - polygonal mesh¶
Picritic basalt example - triangular mesh¶
With the <verification> flag set to True, verification plots are
generated by MicroStructPy.
The grain size distribution comparison is given in Fig. 13.
Picritic basalt example - input and output crystal size distributions (CSDs).¶
Comparing the input and output distributions for olivine, it is clear that this microstructure is not statistically representative. A larger diameter for the domain would contain more grains of olivine, which would add more fidelity to the size CDF curve.
Two Phase 3D Example¶
XML Input File¶
The basename for this file is two_phase_3D.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=two_phase_3D.xml
The full text of the file is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<volume>
<dist_type> lognorm </dist_type>
<scale> 1 </scale>
<s> 0.95 </s>
</volume>
<shape> sphere </shape>
<name> Phase 1 </name>
</material>
<material>
<fraction> 3 </fraction>
<volume>
<dist_type> lognorm </dist_type>
<scale> 0.5 </scale>
<s> 1.01 </s>
</volume>
<name> Phase 2 </name>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> cube </shape>
<side_length> 7 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<settings>
<directory> two_phase_3D </directory>
<verbose> True </verbose>
<seeds_kwargs>
<linewidths> 0.2 </linewidths>
</seeds_kwargs>
<poly_kwargs>
<linewidths> 0.2 </linewidths>
</poly_kwargs>
<tri_kwargs>
<linewidths> 0.2 </linewidths>
</tri_kwargs>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
The first material makes up 25% of the volume, with a lognormal grain volume distribution.
The second material makes up 75% of the volume, with an independent grain volume distribution.
Domain Geometry¶
These two materials fill a cube domain of side length 7.
Settings¶
The function will output plots of the microstructure process and those plots
are saved as PNGs.
They are saved in a folder named two_phase_3D, in the current directory
(i.e ./two_phase_3D).
The line width of the output plots is reduced to 0.2, to make them more visible.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 14 - Fig. 16.
Two phase 3D example - seed geometries.¶
Two phase 3D example - polygonal mesh.¶
Two phase 3D example - triangular mesh.¶
Colormap¶
In this example, a 3D microstructure is generated with grains colored by their seed number, rather than the material.
XML Input File¶
The basename for this input file is colormap.xml.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=colormap.xml
The full text of the script is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> sphere </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 1 </loc>
<scale> 2 </scale>
</size>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> cube </shape>
<side_length> 15 </side_length>
</domain>
<settings>
<directory> colormap </directory>
<mesh_min_angle> 15 </mesh_min_angle>
<color_by> seed number </color_by>
<colormap> RdYlBu </colormap>
</settings>
</input>
Materials¶
There is a single material with grain sizes ranging from 1 to 3 on a uniform distribution.
Domain¶
The domain of the microstructure is a Cube.
The cube’s center is at the origin and its side length is 15.
Settings¶
The output directory is ./colormap, which contains the text files
and PNG plots of the microstructure.
The minimum dihedral angle for the mesh elements is set to 15 degrees to
ensure mesh quality.
The <color_by> option indicates how to color seeds in the output plots.
There are three values available for this option: “material”, “seed number”,
and “material number”.
The “material” value will use colors specified in each <material> field.
The “seed number” value will use the seed numbers as values for a colormap.
Similarly, “material number” will use the material number in a colormap.
The <colormap> option indicates which colormap should be used in the output
plot.
The default colormap is “viridis”, which is also the default for matplotlib.
A complete listing of available colormaps is available on the matplotlib
Choosing Colormaps in Matplotlib webpage.
Output Files¶
The three plots that this file generates are the seeding, the polygon mesh, and the triangular mesh. These three plots are shown in Fig. 17 - Fig. 19.
Colormap example - seed geometries.¶
Colormap example - polygonal mesh.¶
Colormap example - triangular mesh.¶
Python Package Examples¶
Standard Voronoi Diagram¶
Python Script¶
The basename for this file is standard_voronoi.py.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=standard_voronoi.py
The full text of the script is:
import os
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import microstructpy as msp
# Create domain
domain = msp.geometry.Square()
# Create list of seed points
factory = msp.seeding.Seed.factory
n = 50
seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList([factory('circle', r=0.01) for i in range(n)])
seeds.position(domain)
# Create Voronoi diagram
pmesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(seeds, domain)
# Plot Voronoi diagram and seed points
pmesh.plot(edgecolors='k', facecolors='gray')
seeds.plot(edgecolors='k', facecolors='none')
plt.axis('square')
plt.xlim(domain.limits[0])
plt.ylim(domain.limits[1])
file_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
filename = os.path.join(file_dir, 'standard_voronoi/voronoi_diagram.png')
dirs = os.path.dirname(filename)
if not os.path.exists(dirs):
os.makedirs(dirs)
plt.savefig(filename, bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0)
Domain¶
The domain of the microstructure is a Square.
Without arguments, the square’s center is (0, 0) and side length is 1.
Seeds¶
A set of 50 seed circles with small radius is initially created.
Calling the position() method
positions the points according to random uniform distributions in the domain.
Polygon Mesh¶
A polygon mesh is created from the list of seed points using the
from_seeds() class method.
The mesh is plotted and saved into a PNG file in the remaining lines of the
script.
Plotting¶
The output Voronoi diagram is plotted in Fig. 20.
Standard Voronoi diagram.¶
Uniform Seeding Voronoi Diagram¶
Python Script¶
The basename for this file is uniform_seeding.py.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=uniform_seeding.py
The full text of the script is:
from __future__ import division
import os
import matplotlib as mpl
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from scipy.spatial import distance
import microstructpy as msp
# Create domain
domain = msp.geometry.Square(corner=(0, 0))
# Create list of seed points
factory = msp.seeding.Seed.factory
n = 200
seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList([factory('circle', r=0.007) for i in range(n)])
# Position seeds according to Mitchell's Best Candidate Algorithm
np.random.seed(0)
lims = np.array(domain.limits) * (1 - 1e-5)
centers = np.zeros((n, 2))
for i in range(n):
f = np.random.rand(i + 1, 2)
pts = f * lims[:, 0] + (1 - f) * lims[:, 1]
try:
min_dists = distance.cdist(pts, centers[:i]).min(axis=1)
i_max = np.argmax(min_dists)
except ValueError: # this is the case when i=0
i_max = 0
centers[i] = pts[i_max]
seeds[i].position = centers[i]
# Create Voronoi diagram
pmesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(seeds, domain)
# Set colors based on area
areas = pmesh.volumes
std_area = domain.area / n
min_area = min(areas)
max_area = max(areas)
cell_colors = np.zeros((n, 3))
for i in range(n):
if areas[i] < std_area:
f_red = (areas[i] - min_area) / (std_area - min_area)
f_green = (areas[i] - min_area) / (std_area - min_area)
f_blue = 1
else:
f_red = 1
f_green = (max_area - areas[i]) / (max_area - std_area)
f_blue = (max_area - areas[i]) / (max_area - std_area)
cell_colors[i] = (f_red, f_green, f_blue)
# Create colorbar
vs = (std_area - min_area) / (max_area - min_area)
colors = [(0, (0, 0, 1)), (vs, (1, 1, 1)), (1, (1, 0, 0))]
cmap = mpl.colors.LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list('area_cmap', colors)
norm = mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=min_area, vmax=max_area)
sm = plt.cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=cmap, norm=norm)
sm.set_array([])
cb = plt.colorbar(sm, ticks=[min_area, std_area, max_area],
orientation='horizontal', fraction=0.046, pad=0.08)
cb.set_label('Cell Area')
# Plot Voronoi diagram and seed points
pmesh.plot(edgecolors='k', facecolors=cell_colors)
seeds.plot(edgecolors='k', facecolors='none')
plt.axis('square')
plt.xlim(domain.limits[0])
plt.ylim(domain.limits[1])
# Save diagram
file_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
filename = os.path.join(file_dir, 'uniform_seeding/voronoi_diagram.png')
dirs = os.path.dirname(filename)
if not os.path.exists(dirs):
os.makedirs(dirs)
plt.savefig(filename, bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0)
Domain¶
The domain of the microstructure is a Square.
Without arguments, the square’s center is (0, 0) and side length is 1.
Seeds¶
A set of 200 seed circles with small radius is initially created. The positions of the seeds are set with Mitchell’s Best Candidate Algorithm 1. This algorithm positions seed i by sampling i + 1 random points and picking the one that is furthest from its nearest neighbor.
Polygon Mesh¶
A polygon mesh is created from the list of seed points using the
from_seeds() class method.
Plotting¶
The facecolor of each polygon is determined by its area. If it is below the standard area (domain area / number of cells), then it is shaded blue. If it is above the standard area, it is shaded red. A custom colorbar is added to the figure and it is saved as a PNG, shown in Fig. 21.
Uniformly seeded Voronoi diagram with cells colored by area.¶
- 1
Mitchell, T.J., “An Algorithm for the Construction of “D-Optimal” Experimental Designs,” Technometrics, Vol. 16, No. 2, May 1974, pp. 203-210. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1267940)
Foam¶
In this example, a foam microstructure is generated by first tesselating the voids, then adding foam material to the edges between the voids.
Python Script¶
The basename for this file is foam.py.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=foam.py
The full text of the script is:
import os
import numpy as np
import scipy.stats
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import microstructpy as msp
def main():
# Create Directory
dirname = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'foam')
if not os.path.exists(dirname):
os.makedirs(dirname)
# Define Domain
domain = msp.geometry.Square(side_length=8)
# Create Void Tessellation
void_mat = {'material_type': 'void',
'shape': 'circle',
'size': scipy.stats.lognorm(scale=1, s=0.2)
}
void_a = 0.7 * domain.area
void_seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList.from_info(void_mat, void_a)
void_seeds.position(domain, rtol=0.03, verbose=True)
void_tess = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(void_seeds, domain)
# Add Foam
foam_mat = {'material_type': 'amorphous',
'shape': 'circle',
'size': scipy.stats.lognorm(scale=0.15, s=0.1)
}
foam_a = 0.15 * domain.area
foam_seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList.from_info(foam_mat, foam_a)
inds = np.flip(np.argsort([s.volume for s in foam_seeds]))
foam_seeds = foam_seeds[inds]
bkdwns = np.array([s.breakdown[0] for s in foam_seeds])
np.random.seed(0)
for i, seed in enumerate(foam_seeds):
if i == 0:
trial_pt = trial_position(void_tess)
else:
r = seed.geometry.r
check_bkdwns = bkdwns[:i]
good_pt = False
while not good_pt:
trial_pt = trial_position(void_tess)
good_pt = check_pt(trial_pt, r, check_bkdwns)
seed.position = trial_pt
bkdwns[i] = seed.breakdown
seed.phase = 1
# Combine Results
materials = [void_mat, foam_mat]
seeds = void_seeds + foam_seeds
pmesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(seeds, domain)
# Triangular Mesh
tmesh = msp.meshing.TriMesh.from_polymesh(pmesh,
materials,
min_angle=20,
max_edge_length=0.1)
# Plot
tmesh.plot(facecolor='aquamarine',
edgecolor='k',
linewidth=0.2)
plt.gca().set_position([0, 0, 1, 1])
plt.axis('image')
plt.gca().set_axis_off()
plt.gca().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.gca().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
xlim, ylim = domain.limits
plt.axis([xlim[0], xlim[1], ylim[0], ylim[1]])
for ext in ['png', 'pdf']:
fname = os.path.join(dirname, 'trimesh.' + ext)
plt.savefig(fname, bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0)
def pick_edge(void_tess):
f_neighs = void_tess.facet_neighbors
i = -1
neighs = [-1, -1]
while any([n < 0 for n in neighs]):
i = np.random.randint(len(f_neighs))
neighs = f_neighs[i]
facet = void_tess.facets[i]
j = np.random.randint(len(facet))
kp1 = facet[j]
kp2 = facet[j - 1]
return kp1, kp2
def trial_position(void_tess):
kp1, kp2 = pick_edge(void_tess)
pt1 = void_tess.points[kp1]
pt2 = void_tess.points[kp2]
f = np.random.rand()
return [f * x1 + (1 - f) * x2 for x1, x2 in zip(pt1, pt2)]
def check_pt(point, r, breakdowns):
pts = breakdowns[:, :-1]
rads = breakdowns[:, -1]
rel_pos = pts - point
dist = np.sqrt(np.sum(rel_pos * rel_pos, axis=1))
min_dist = rads + r - 0.3 * np.minimum(rads, r)
return np.all(dist > min_dist)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Domain¶
The domain of the microstructure is a Square.
Without arguments, the square’s center is (0, 0) and side length is 15.
Seeds¶
Initially, the seed list is entirely voids following a lognormal size
distribution.
These are then tessellated to determine the boundaries between the voids.
These voids are generated to fill 70% of the domain and are positioned with
a custom rtol value of 3%.
This ensures that most of the voids do not connect with each other and that
the foam seeds positioned along the edges do not become consumed by the void
cells.
Next, foam seeds are added to the edges between voids. These seeds are given a size distribution, however there are no foam grains since the material is amorphous. Once the foam seeds are positioned in the domain, the lists of void and foam seeds are combined into a single seed list.
Polygon Mesh¶
A polygon mesh is created from the list of seed points using the
from_seeds() class method.
Triangular Mesh¶
A triangular mesh is created from the polygonal mesh using the
from_polymesh() class method.
The optional phases parameter is used in this case since the mesh contains
non-crystalline materials.
Additionally, the minimum interior angle of the mesh elements is set to 20 to
ensure good mesh quality and the maximum edge length is set to increase mesh
resolution near the voids.
Plotting¶
The triangular mesh in this example is plotted in aquamarine, one of several named colors in matplotlib. Next, the axes are turned off and the limits are set to equal the bounds of the domain. Finally, the triangular mesh is saved as a PNG and as a PDF, with the resulting plot shown in Fig. 22.
Foam example - triangular mesh.¶
MicroStructPy Logo¶
Python Script¶
The basename for this file is logo.py.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=logo.py
The full text of the script is:
from __future__ import division
import os
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import collections
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_agg import FigureCanvasAgg
from matplotlib.offsetbox import AnnotationBbox
from matplotlib.offsetbox import OffsetImage
import microstructpy as msp
def main(n_seeds, size_rng, pos_rng, k_lw):
bkgrnd_color = 'black'
line_color = (1, 1, 1, 1) # white
dpi = 300
init_size = 2000
logo_size = 1500
favicon_size = 48
logo_basename = 'logo.svg'
favicon_basename = 'favicon.ico'
social_basename = 'social.png'
file_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
path = os.path.join(file_dir, 'logo')
if not os.path.exists(path):
os.makedirs(path)
logo_filename = os.path.join(path, logo_basename)
pad_filename = os.path.join(path, 'pad_' + logo_basename)
favicon_filename = os.path.join(path, favicon_basename)
social_filename = os.path.join(path, social_basename)
# Set Domain
domain = msp.geometry.Circle()
# Set Seed List
np.random.seed(size_rng)
rs = 0.3 * np.random.rand(n_seeds)
factory = msp.seeding.Seed.factory
seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList([factory('circle', r=r) for r in rs])
seeds.position(domain, rng_seed=pos_rng)
# Create the Poly Mesh
pmesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(seeds, domain)
# Create and Format the Figure
plt.clf()
plt.close('all')
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(init_size / dpi, init_size / dpi), dpi=dpi)
ax = plt.Axes(fig, [0., 0., 1., 1.])
ax.set_axis_off()
ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
fig.add_axes(ax)
# Plot the Domain
domain.plot(ec='none', fc=bkgrnd_color)
# Plot the Facets
facet_colors = []
for neigh_pair in pmesh.facet_neighbors:
if min(neigh_pair) < 0:
facet_colors.append((0, 0, 0, 0))
else:
facet_colors.append(line_color)
lw = k_lw * init_size / 100
pmesh.plot_facets(index_by='facet', colors=facet_colors,
linewidth=lw, capstyle='round')
pts = np.array(pmesh.points)
rs = np.sqrt(np.sum(pts * pts, axis=1))
mask = np.isclose(rs, 1)
edges = []
for facet in pmesh.facets:
if np.sum(mask[facet]) != 1:
continue
edge = np.copy(pts[facet])
if mask[facet[0]]:
u = edge[0] - edge[1]
u *= 1.1
edge[0] = edge[1] + u
else:
u = edge[1] - edge[0]
u *= 1.1
edge[1] = edge[0] + u
edges.append(edge)
pc = collections.LineCollection(edges, color=line_color, linewidth=lw,
capstyle='round')
ax.add_collection(pc)
# Format the Plot and Convert to Image Array
plt.axis('square')
plt.axis(1.01 * np.array([-1, 1, -1, 1]))
canvas = FigureCanvasAgg(fig)
canvas.draw()
plt_im = np.array(canvas.buffer_rgba())
mask = plt_im[:, :, 0] > 0.5 * 255
# Create the Logo
logo_im = np.copy(plt_im)
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(*[np.arange(n) for n in logo_im.shape[:2]])
zz = - 0.2 * xx + 0.9 * yy
ss = (zz - zz.min()) / (zz.max() - zz.min())
c1 = [67, 206, 162]
c2 = [24, 90, 157]
logo_im[mask, -1] = 0 # transparent background
# gradient
for i in range(logo_im.shape[-1] - 1):
logo_im[~mask, i] = (1 - ss[~mask]) * c1[i] + ss[~mask] * c2[i]
inds = np.linspace(0, logo_im.shape[0] - 1, logo_size).astype('int')
logo_im = logo_im[inds]
logo_im = logo_im[:, inds]
pad_w = logo_im.shape[0]
pad_h = 0.5 * logo_im.shape[1]
pad_shape = np.array([pad_w, pad_h, logo_im.shape[2]]).astype('int')
logo_pad = np.zeros(pad_shape, dtype=logo_im.dtype)
pad_im = np.concatenate((logo_pad, logo_im, logo_pad), axis=1)
doc_im = np.concatenate((logo_pad, pad_im, logo_pad), axis=1)
plt.imsave(logo_filename, logo_im, dpi=dpi)
plt.imsave(logo_filename.replace('.svg', '.png'), np.ascontiguousarray(logo_im), dpi=dpi)
plt.imsave(pad_filename, pad_im, dpi=dpi)
plt.imsave(pad_filename.replace('.svg', '.png'), np.ascontiguousarray(doc_im), dpi=dpi)
# Create the Favicon
fav_im = np.copy(logo_im)
inds = np.linspace(0, fav_im.shape[0] - 1, favicon_size).astype('int')
fav_im = fav_im[inds]
fav_im = fav_im[:, inds]
plt.imsave(favicon_filename, np.ascontiguousarray(fav_im), dpi=dpi, format='png')
# Create the Social Banner
fig_social, ax_social = plt.subplots()
ax_social.set_xlim(0, 2)
ax_social.set_ylim(0, 1)
ax_social.set_aspect('equal')
ax_social.set_axis_off()
ax_social.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax_social.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
imagebox = OffsetImage(logo_im, zoom=0.05)
ab = AnnotationBbox(imagebox, (1, 0.7), frameon=False)
ax_social.add_artist(ab)
ax_social.text(1, 0.35, 'MicroStructPy',
fontsize=20,
weight='bold',
horizontalalignment='center',
verticalalignment='center')
ax_social.text(1, 0.23, 'Microstructure Mesh Generation in Python',
fontsize=10,
horizontalalignment='center',
verticalalignment='center')
plt.draw()
plt.savefig(social_filename, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close('all')
if __name__ == '__main__':
n_seeds = 14
size_rng = 4
pos_rng = 7
k_lw = 1.1
main(n_seeds, size_rng, pos_rng, k_lw)
Domain¶
The domain of the microstructure is a Circle.
Without arguments, the circle’s center is (0, 0) and side length is 1.
Seeds¶
The seeds are 14 circles with radii uniformly distributed from 0 to 0.3.
Calling the position() method
positions the points according to random uniform distributions in the domain.
Polygon Mesh¶
A polygon mesh is created from the list of seed points using the
from_seeds() class method.
The mesh is plotted and saved into a PNG file in the remaining lines of the
script.
Plot Logo¶
The edges in the polygonal mesh are plotted white on a black background. This image is converted into a mask and the white pixels are converted into transparent pixels. The remaining pixels are colored with a linear gradient between two colors. This image is saved in padded and tight versions, as well as a favicon for the HTML documentation. The logo that results is shown in Fig. 23.
MicroStructPy logo.¶
Grain Neighborhoods¶
Python Script¶
The basename for this file is grain_neighborhoods.py.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=grain_neighborhoods.py
The full text of the script is:
from __future__ import division
import os
import numpy as np
import scipy.integrate
import scipy.stats
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import microstructpy as msp
# Define the domain
domain = msp.geometry.Square(corner=(0, 0), side_length=10)
# Define the material phases
a_dist = scipy.stats.lognorm(s=1, scale=0.1)
matrix_phase = {'fraction': 1,
'material_type': 'matrix',
'shape': 'circle',
'area': a_dist}
neighborhood_phase = {'fraction': 1,
'material_type': 'solid',
'shape': 'ellipse',
'a': 1.5,
'b': 0.6,
'angle_deg': scipy.stats.uniform(0, 360)}
phases = [matrix_phase, neighborhood_phase]
# Create the seed list
seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList.from_info(phases, domain.area)
seeds.position(domain)
# Replace the neighborhood phase with materials
a = neighborhood_phase['a']
b = neighborhood_phase['b']
r = b / 3
n = 16
t_perim = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 201)
x_perim = (a - r) * np.cos(t_perim)
y_perim = (b - r) * np.sin(t_perim)
dx = np.insert(np.diff(x_perim), 0, 0)
dy = np.insert(np.diff(y_perim), 0, 0)
ds = np.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
arc_len = scipy.integrate.cumtrapz(ds, x=t_perim, initial=0)
eq_spaced = arc_len[-1] * np.arange(n) / n
x_pts = np.interp(eq_spaced, arc_len, x_perim)
y_pts = np.interp(eq_spaced, arc_len, y_perim)
repl_seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList()
geom = {'a': a - 2 * r, 'b': b - 2 * r}
for sn, seed in enumerate(seeds):
if seed.phase == 0:
repl_seeds.append(seed)
else:
center = seed.position
theta = seed.geometry.angle_rad
geom['angle_rad'] = theta
geom['center'] = center
core_seed = msp.seeding.Seed.factory('ellipse', phase=3,
position=seed.position, **geom)
repl_seeds.append(core_seed)
x_ring = center[0] + x_pts * np.cos(theta) - y_pts * np.sin(theta)
y_ring = center[1] + x_pts * np.sin(theta) + y_pts * np.cos(theta)
for i in range(n):
phase = 1 + (i % 2)
center = (x_ring[i], y_ring[i])
ring_geom = {'center': center, 'r': r}
ring_seed = msp.seeding.Seed.factory('circle', position=center,
phase=phase, **ring_geom)
if domain.within(center):
repl_seeds.append(ring_seed)
# Create polygon and triangle meshes
pmesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(repl_seeds, domain)
phases = [{'material_type': 'solid'} for i in range(4)]
phases[0]['material_type'] = 'matrix'
tmesh = msp.meshing.TriMesh.from_polymesh(pmesh, phases, min_angle=20,
max_volume=0.1)
# Plot triangle mesh
colors = ['C' + str(repl_seeds[att].phase) for att in tmesh.element_attributes]
tmesh.plot(facecolors=colors, edgecolors='k', linewidth=0.2)
plt.axis('square')
plt.xlim(domain.limits[0])
plt.ylim(domain.limits[1])
file_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
filename = os.path.join(file_dir, 'grain_neighborhoods/trimesh.png')
dirs = os.path.dirname(filename)
if not os.path.exists(dirs):
os.makedirs(dirs)
plt.savefig(filename, bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0)
Domain¶
The domain of the microstructure is a
microstructpy.geometry.Rectangle, with the bottom left corner at the
origin and side lengths of 8 and 12.
Phases¶
There are initially two phases: a matrix phase and a neighborhood phase. The neighborhood phase will be broken down into materials later. The matrix phase occupies two thirds of the domain, while the neighborhoods occupy one third.
Seeds¶
The seeds are generated to fill 1.1x the area of the domain, to account for overlap with the boundaries. They are positioned according to random uniform distributions.
Neighborhood Replacement¶
The neighborhood seeds are replaced by a set of three different materials. One material occupies the center of the neighborhood, while the other two alternate in a ring around the center.
Polygon and Triangle Meshing¶
The seeds are converted into a triangular mesh by first constructing a polygon mesh. Each material is solid, except for the first which is designated as a matrix phase. Mesh quality controls are specified to prevent high aspect ratio triangles.
Plotting¶
The triangular mesh is plotted and saved to a file. Each triangle is colored based on its material phase, using the standard matplotlib colors: C0, C1, C2, etc. The output PNG file is shown in Fig. 24.
Triangular mesh of microstructure with seed neighborhoods.¶
Microstructure from Image¶
Note
The open source and freely available software package OOF is better equiped to create unstructured meshes from images.
Python Script¶
The basename for this file is from_image.py.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=from_image.py
The full text of the script is:
import os
import shutil
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import image as mpim
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import microstructpy as msp
# Read in image
image_basename = 'aluminum_micro.png'
image_path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
image_filename = os.path.join(image_path, image_basename)
image = mpim.imread(image_filename)
im_brightness = image[:, :, 0]
# Bin the pixels
br_bins = [0.00, 0.50, 1.00]
bin_nums = np.zeros_like(im_brightness, dtype='int')
for i in range(len(br_bins) - 1):
lb = br_bins[i]
ub = br_bins[i + 1]
mask = np.logical_and(im_brightness >= lb, im_brightness <= ub)
bin_nums[mask] = i
# Define the phases
phases = [{'color': c, 'material_type': 'amorphous'} for c in ('C0', 'C1')]
# Create the polygon mesh
m, n = bin_nums.shape
x = np.arange(n + 1).astype('float')
y = m + 1 - np.arange(m + 1).astype('float')
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x, y)
pts = np.array([xx.flatten(), yy.flatten()]).T
kps = np.arange(len(pts)).reshape(xx.shape)
n_facets = 2 * (m + m * n + n)
n_regions = m * n
facets = np.full((n_facets, 2), -1)
regions = np.full((n_regions, 4), 0)
region_phases = np.full(n_regions, 0)
facet_top = np.full((m, n), -1, dtype='int')
facet_bottom = np.full((m, n), -1, dtype='int')
facet_left = np.full((m, n), -1, dtype='int')
facet_right = np.full((m, n), -1, dtype='int')
k_facets = 0
k_regions = 0
for i in range(m):
for j in range(n):
kp_top_left = kps[i, j]
kp_bottom_left = kps[i + 1, j]
kp_top_right = kps[i, j + 1]
kp_bottom_right = kps[i + 1, j + 1]
# left facet
if facet_left[i, j] < 0:
fnum_left = k_facets
facets[fnum_left] = (kp_top_left, kp_bottom_left)
k_facets += 1
if j > 0:
facet_right[i, j - 1] = fnum_left
else:
fnum_left = facet_left[i, j]
# right facet
if facet_right[i, j] < 0:
fnum_right = k_facets
facets[fnum_right] = (kp_top_right, kp_bottom_right)
k_facets += 1
if j + 1 < n:
facet_left[i, j + 1] = fnum_right
else:
fnum_right = facet_right[i, j]
# top facet
if facet_top[i, j] < 0:
fnum_top = k_facets
facets[fnum_top] = (kp_top_left, kp_top_right)
k_facets += 1
if i > 0:
facet_bottom[i - 1, j] = fnum_top
else:
fnum_top = facet_top[i, j]
# bottom facet
if facet_bottom[i, j] < 0:
fnum_bottom = k_facets
facets[fnum_bottom] = (kp_bottom_left, kp_bottom_right)
k_facets += 1
if i + 1 < m:
facet_top[i + 1, j] = fnum_bottom
else:
fnum_bottom = facet_bottom[i, j]
# region
region = (fnum_top, fnum_left, fnum_bottom, fnum_right)
regions[k_regions] = region
region_phases[k_regions] = bin_nums[i, j]
k_regions += 1
pmesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh(pts, facets, regions,
seed_numbers=range(n_regions),
phase_numbers=region_phases)
# Create the triangle mesh
tmesh = msp.meshing.TriMesh.from_polymesh(pmesh, phases=phases, min_angle=20)
# Plot triangle mesh
fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.Axes(fig, [0., 0., 1., 1.])
ax.set_axis_off()
ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
fig.add_axes(ax)
fcs = [phases[region_phases[r]]['color'] for r in tmesh.element_attributes]
tmesh.plot(facecolors=fcs, edgecolors='k', lw=0.2)
plt.axis('square')
plt.xlim(x.min(), x.max())
plt.ylim(y.min(), y.max())
plt.axis('off')
# Save plot and copy input file
plot_basename = 'from_image/trimesh.png'
file_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
filename = os.path.join(file_dir, plot_basename)
dirs = os.path.dirname(filename)
if not os.path.exists(dirs):
os.makedirs(dirs)
plt.savefig(filename, bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0)
shutil.copy(image_filename, dirs)
Read Image¶
The first section of the script reads the image using matplotlib. The brightness of the image is taken as the red channel, since the RGB values are equal. That image is shown in Fig. 25.
Micrograph of aluminum.¶
Bin Pixels¶
The pixel values are binned based on whether the brightness is above or below 0.5.
Phases¶
The two phases are considered amorphous, to prevent pixilation in the triangle mesh.
Create the Polygon Mesh¶
The polygon mesh is a reproduction of the pixel grid in the image. The facets are edges between pixels, and the polygons are all squares.
Create the Triangle Mesh¶
The triangle mesh is created from the polygon mesh and uses the amorphous specifications for the phases. The minimum interior angle of the triangles is set to 20 degrees to control the aspect ratio of triangles.
Plot Triangle Mesh¶
The axes of the plot are switched off, then the triangle mesh is plotted. The color of each triangle is set by the phase.
Save Plot and Copy Input File¶
The final plot is saved to a file, then the input image is copied to the same directory for comparison. The output PNG file of this script is shown in Fig. 26.
Triangular mesh of aluminum microstructure.¶
Microstructure Mesh Process¶
Python Script¶
The basename for this file is docs_banner.py.
The file can be run using this command:
microstructpy --demo=docs_banner.py
The full text of the file is:
from __future__ import division
import os
import numpy as np
import scipy.stats
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import microstructpy as msp
def main():
# Colors
c1 = '#12C2E9'
c2 = '#C471ED'
c3 = '#F64F59'
# Offset
off = 1
# Create Directory
dirname = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'docs_banner')
if not os.path.exists(dirname):
os.makedirs(dirname)
# Create Domain
domain = msp.geometry.Rectangle(width=10, length=20)
# Create Unpositioned Seeds
phase2 = {'color': c1}
ell_geom = msp.geometry.Ellipse(a=8, b=3)
ell_seed = msp.seeding.Seed(ell_geom, phase=2)
mu = 1
bnd = 0.5
d_dist = scipy.stats.uniform(loc=mu-bnd, scale=2*bnd)
phase0 = {'color': c2, 'shape': 'circle', 'd': d_dist}
phase1 = {'color': c3, 'shape': 'circle', 'd': d_dist}
circle_area = domain.area - ell_geom.area
seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList.from_info([phase0, phase1], circle_area)
seeds.append(ell_seed)
hold = [False for seed in seeds]
hold[-1] = True
phases = [phase0, phase1, phase2]
# Create Positioned Seeds
seeds.position(domain, hold=hold, verbose=True)
# Create Polygonal Mesh
pmesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(seeds, domain)
# Create Triangular Mesh
tmesh = msp.meshing.TriMesh.from_polymesh(pmesh,
min_angle=12,
max_edge_length=0.2,
max_volume=0.4)
# Create Figure
k = 0.12
len_x = 3 * domain.length + 4 * off
len_y = domain.width + 2 * off
plt.figure(figsize=(k * len_x, k * len_y))
# Plot Seeds
seed_colors = [phases[s.phase]['color'] for s in seeds]
seeds.plot(color=seed_colors, alpha=0.8, edgecolor='k', linewidth=0.3)
domain.plot(facecolor='none', edgecolor='k', linewidth=0.3)
# Plot Polygonal Mesh
pmesh.points = np.array(pmesh.points)
pmesh.points[:, 0] += domain.length + off
for region, phase_num in zip(pmesh.regions, pmesh.phase_numbers):
if phase_num == 2:
continue
color = phases[phase_num]['color']
facets = [pmesh.facets[f] for f in region]
kps = ordered_kps(facets)
x, y = zip(*[pmesh.points[kp] for kp in kps])
plt.fill(x, y, color=color, alpha=0.8, edgecolor='none')
ellipse_regions = set()
for region_num, phase_num in enumerate(pmesh.phase_numbers):
if phase_num == 2:
ellipse_regions.add(region_num)
ellipse_facets = []
for facet, neighbors in zip(pmesh.facets, pmesh.facet_neighbors):
common_regions = ellipse_regions & set(neighbors)
if len(common_regions) == 1:
ellipse_facets.append(facet)
ellipse_kps = ordered_kps(ellipse_facets)
x, y = zip(*[pmesh.points[kp] for kp in ellipse_kps])
plt.fill(x, y, color=phases[-1]['color'], alpha=0.8, edgecolor='none')
for facet, neighbors in zip(pmesh.facets, pmesh.facet_neighbors):
common_regions = ellipse_regions & set(neighbors)
if len(common_regions) < 2:
x, y = zip(*[pmesh.points[kp] for kp in facet])
plt.plot(x, y, color='k', linewidth=0.3)
# Plot Triangular Mesh
tmesh.points = np.array(tmesh.points)
tmesh.points[:, 0] += 2 * off + 2 * domain.length
tri_colors = [seed_colors[n] for n in tmesh.element_attributes]
tmesh.plot(color=tri_colors, alpha=0.8, edgecolor='k', linewidth=0.2)
# Set Up Axes
plt.gca().set_position([0, 0, 1, 1])
plt.axis('image')
plt.gca().set_axis_off()
plt.gca().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.gca().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
xlim, ylim = domain.limits
xlim[0] -= off
xlim[1] += 3 * off + 2 * domain.length
ylim[0] -= off
ylim[1] += off
plt.axis(list(xlim) + list(ylim))
fname = os.path.join(dirname, 'banner.png')
plt.savefig(fname, bbox='tight', pad_inches=0)
plt.savefig(fname.replace('.png', '.pdf'), bbox='tight', pad_inches=0)
def ordered_kps(pairs):
t_pairs = [tuple(p) for p in pairs]
kps = list(t_pairs.pop())
while t_pairs:
for i, pair in enumerate(t_pairs):
if kps[-1] in pair:
break
assert kps[-1] in pair, pairs
kps += [kp for kp in t_pairs.pop(i) if kp != kps[-1]]
return kps[:-1]
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Domain Geometry¶
The materials fill a rectangular domain with side lengths 20 and 10. The center of the rectangle defaults to the origin.
Seeds¶
The first material is phase 2, which contains a single elliptical seed with semi-axes 8 and 3. Next, phases 0 and 1 are created with identical size distributions and different colors. The size distributions are uniform random from 0.5 to 1.5. Seeds of phase 0 and phase 1 are generated to fill the area between the rectangular domain and the elliptical seed from phase 2.
Next, the phase 2 seed is appended to the list of phase 0 and 1 seeds.
A hold list is then created to indicate to
position()
which seeds should have their positions (centers) held.
The default position of a seed is the origin, so by setting the hold flag to
True for the elliptical seed, it will be fixed to the center of the domain
while the remaining seeds will be randomly positioned around it.
Polygonal and Triangular Meshing¶
Once the seeds are positioned in the domain, a polygonal mesh is created using
from_seeds().
The triangular mesh is created using
from_polymesh(),
with the quality control settings min_angle, max_edge_length, and
max_volume.
Plot Figure¶
The figure contains three plots: the seeds, the polygonal mesh, and the
triangular/unstructured mesh.
First, the seeds plot is generated using SeedList
plot()
and Rectangle
plot()
to show the boundary of the domain.
The seeds are plotted with some transparency to show overlap.
Next, the polygonal mesh is translated to the right and plotted in such a way that avoids the internal geometry of the elliptical seed. This internal geometry is created by the multi-circle approximation used in polygonal meshing, then removed during the triangular meshing process. In the interest of clarity, these two steps are combined and the elliptical grain is plotted without internal geomtry.
Finally, the triangular mesh is translated to the right of the polygonal mesh
and plotted using TriMesh
plot().
Once all three plots have been added to the figure, the axes and
aspect ratio are adjusted.
This figure is shown in Fig. 27.
The PNG and PDF versions of this plot are saved in a folder named
docs_banner, in the current directory (i.e ./docs_banner).
Microstructure meshing process.¶
The three major steps are: 1) seed the domain with particles, 2) create a Voronoi power diagram, and 3) convert the diagram into an unstructured mesh.
Command Line Guide¶
The command line interface (CLI) for this package is microstructpy.
This command accepts the names of user-generated files and demonstration files.
Multiple filenames can be specified.
To run demos, you can specify a particular demo file or to run all of them:
microstructpy --demo=minimal.xml
microstructpy --demo=all
Demo files are copied to the current working directory and then executed. Running all of the demonstration files may take several minutes.
User-generated input files can be run in a number of ways:
microstructpy /path/to/my/input_file.xml
microstructpy input_1.xml input_2.xml input_3.xml
microstructpy input_*.xml
Both relative and absolute filepaths are acceptable.
The following pages describe in detail the various uses and options for the material, domain, and settings fields of a MicroStructPy input file.
Guide Contents
Introduction¶
Using the Command Line Interface¶
The command line interface (CLI) for this package is microstructpy.
This command accepts the names of user-generated files and demonstration files.
Multiple filenames can be specified.
To run demos, you can specify a particular demo file or to run all of them:
microstructpy --demo=minimal.xml
microstructpy --demo=all
Demo files are copied to the current working directory and then executed. Running all of the demonstration files may take several minutes.
User-generated input files can be run in a number of ways:
microstructpy /path/to/my/input_file.xml
microstructpy input_1.xml input_2.xml input_3.xml
microstructpy input_*.xml
Both relative and absolute filepaths are acceptable.
The following pages describe in detail the various uses and options for the material, domain, and settings fields of a MicroStructPy input file.
Command Line Procedure¶
The following tasks are performed by the CLI:
Make the output directory, if necessary
Create a list of unpositioned seeds
Position the seeds in the domain
Save the seeds in a text file
Save a plot of the seeds to an image file
Create a polygon mesh from the seeds
Save the mesh to the output directory
Save a plot of the mesh to the output directory
Create an unstructured (triangular or tetrahedral) mesh
Save the unstructured mesh
Save a plot of the unstructured mesh
(optional) Verify the output mesh against the input file.
Intermediate results are saved in steps 4, 7, and 10 to give the option of restarting the procedure. The format of the output files can be specified in the input file (e.g. PNG and/or PDF plots).
Example Input File¶
Input files for MicroStructPy must be in XML format.
The three fields of the input file that MicroStructPy looks for are:
<material>, <domain>, and <settings> (optional).
For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.09 </size>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
</domain>
<settings>
<directory> minimal </directory>
<plot_axes> False </plot_axes>
<color_by> seed number </color_by>
<colormap> Paired </colormap>
<mesher> gmsh </mesher>
<mesh_size> 0.03 </mesh_size>
</settings>
</input>
This will create a microstructure with approximately circular grains that fill a domain that is 11x larger and color them according to the colormap Paired.
Note
XML fields that are not recognized by MicroStructPy will be ignored by the software. For example, material properties or notes can be included in the input file without affecting program execution.
Note
The order of fields in the XML input file is not strictly important, since the file is converted into a Python dictionary. When fields are repeated, such as including multiple materials, the order is preserved.
Including References to Other Input Files¶
The input file can optionally include references to other input files.
For example if the file materials.xml contains:
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.1 </size>
</material>
</input>
and another file, domain_1.xml, contains:
<input>
<include> materials.xml </include>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
</domain>
</input>
then MicroStructPy will read the contents of materials.xml when
microstructpy domain_1.xml is called. This functionality can allows multiple
input files to reference the same material properties. For example, a mesh
convergence study could keep the materials and domain definitions in a single
file, then the input files for each mesh size would contain the run settings
and a reference to the definitions file.
This way, if a parameter such as the grain size distribution needs to be updated, it only needs to be changed in a single file.
Advanced Usage¶
The <include> tag can be included at any heirarchical level of the
input file. It can also be nested, with <include> tags in the file being
included. For example, if the file fine_grained.xml contains:
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.1 </size>
</material>
and the file materials.xml contains:
<input>
<material>
<name> Fine 1 </name>
<include> fine_grained.xml </include>
</material>
<material>
<name> Fine 2 </name>
<include> fine_grained.xml </include>
</material>
<material>
<name> Coarse </name>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.3 </size>
</material>
</input>
and the file input.xml contains:
<input>
<include> materials.xml </include>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
</domain>
</input>
then running microstructpy input.xml would be equivalent to running this
file:
<input>
<material>
<name> Fine 1 </name>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.1 </size>
</material>
<material>
<name> Fine 2 </name>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.1 </size>
</material>
<material>
<name> Coarse </name>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.3 </size>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
</domain>
</input>
The <include> tag can reduce file sizes and the amount of copy/paste for
microstructures with multiple materials of the same size distribution,
or multiple runs with the same material.
<material> - Material Phases¶
Single Material¶
MicroStructPy supports an arbitrary number of materials, including just one. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.15 </size>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
</domain>
</input>
This input file will produce a microstructure with nearly circular grains of size 0.15 (within a domain with side length 1).
Multiple Materials¶
MicroStructPy supports an arbitrary number of materials within a microstructure. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 1 </size>
<fraction> 0.2 </fraction>
</material>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.5 </size>
<fraction> 0.3 </fraction>
</material>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 1.5 </size>
<fraction> 0.5 </fraction>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
</domain>
</input>
Here there are three phases: the first has grain size 1 and makes up 20% of the area, the second has grain size 0.5 and makes up 30% of the area, and the third has grain size 1.5 and makes up 50% of the area. If the fractions are not specified, MicroStructPy assumes the phases have equal volume fractions. The fractions can also be given as ratios (e.g. 2, 3, and 5) and MicroStructPy will normalize them to fractions.
Volume fractions can also be distributed quantities, rather than fixed values. This is useful if measured volume fractions have some uncertainty. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 1 </size>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 0.7 </loc>
<scale> 0.03 </scale>
</fraction>
</material>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 0.5 </size>
<fraction>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 0.3 </loc>
<scale> 0.03 </scale>
</fraction>
</material>
</input>
Here the standard deviation on the volume fractions is 0.03, meaning that volume fractions are accurate to within 6 percentage points at 95% confidence.
Note
If the volume fraction distribution has negative numbers in the support, MicroStructPy will re-sample the distribution until a non-negative volume fraction is sampled.
Grain Size Distributions¶
Distributed grain sizes, rather than constant sizes, can be specified as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 1 </loc>
<scale> 1 </scale>
</size>
</material>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> lognorm </dist_type>
<scale> 0.5 </scale>
<s> 0.1 </s>
</size>
</material>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> my_empirical_dist.csv </filename>
</size>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
</domain>
</input>
In all three materials, the size field contains a dist_type.
This type can match the name of a statistical distribution in the SciPy
scipy.stats module, or be either “pdf” or “cdf”.
If it is a SciPy distribution name, then the remaining parameters must match
the inputs for that function.
The first material has size distribution \(S\sim U(1, 2)\) and the second
has distribution \(S\sim 0.5e^{N(0, 0.1)}\). Refer to the SciPy website for
the complete list of available distributions and their input parameters.
In the case that the distribution type is “pdf” then the only other field
should be filename.
For a PDF, the file should contain two lines: the first has the (n) bin
heights and the second has the (n+1) bin locations.
A PDF file could contain, for example:
0.5, 1
1, 2, 2.5
For a CDF, the file should have two columns: the first being the size and the second being the CDF value. The equivalent CDF file would contain:
1, 0
2, 0.5
2.5, 1
Both PDF and CDF files should be in CSV format.
Warning
Do not use distributions that are equivalent to a deterministic value, such as \(S\sim N(1, 0)\). The infinite PDF value causes numerical issues for SciPy. Instead, replace the distribution with the deterministic value or use a small, non-zero variance.
Grain Geometries¶
MicroStructPy supports several grain geometries and each can be specified in multiple ways. For example, the ellipse can be specified in terms of its area and aspect ratio, or by its semi-major and semi-minor axes. The ‘size’ of a grain is defined as the diameter of a circle or sphere with equivalent area (so for a general ellipse, this would be \(2\sqrt{a b}\)). The parameters available for each geometry are described in the lists below.
Circle¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Circle
Parameters
area- the area of the circled- alias fordiameterdiameter- the diameter of the circler- alias forradiusradius- the radius of the circlesize- same asdiameter
Only one of the above is necessary to define the circle geometry. If no parameters are specified, the default is a unit circle.
Ellipse¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Ellipse
Parameters
a- the semi-major axis of the ellipseangle- alias forangle_degangle_deg- the counterclockwise positive angle between the semi-major axis and the +x axis, measured in degreesangle_rad- the counterclockwise positive angle between the semi-major axis and the +x axis, measured in radiansaspect_ratio- the ratio a/baxes- semi-axes of ellipse, equivalent to [a, b]b- the semi-minor axis of the ellipsematrix- orientation matrix for the ellipseorientation- alias formatrixsize- the diameter of a circle with the same area as the ellipse
Two shape parameters and one orientation parameter are necessary to fully define the ellipse geometry. If less than two shape parameters are given, the default is a unit circle. If an orientation parameter is not given, the default is aligned with the coordinate axes.
Note
The default orientation of an ellipse is aligned with the coordinate
axes.
Uniform random orientation can be achieved by setting
<orientation> random </orientation> in the input file.
Ellipsoid¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Ellipsoid
Parameters
a- first semi-axis of the ellipsoidaxes- semi-axes of the ellipsoids, equivalent to [a, b, c]b- second semi-axis of the ellipsoidc- third semi-axis of the ellipsoidmatrix- orientation matrix for the ellipsoidorientation- alias formatrixratio_ab- the ratio a/bratio_ac- the ratio a/cratio_ba- the ratio b/aratio_bc- the ratio b/cratio_ca- the ratio c/aratio_cb- the ratio c/brot_seq- alias forrot_set_seqrot_seq_deg- a rotation sequence, with angles in degrees, to define the orientation of the ellipsoid. See below for details.rot_seq_rad- a rotation sequence, with angles in radians, to define the orientation of the ellipsoid. See below for details.size- the diameter of a sphere with the same volume as the ellipsoid
Three shape parameters and one orientation parameter are necessary to fully define the ellipsoid geometry. If the length of a semi-axis cannot be determined from the input parameters, it defaults to unit length. If an orientation parameter is not given, the default is aligned with the coordinate axes.
A rotation sequence is a list of axes and angles to rotate the ellipsoid. The order of the rotations is as such: supposing after a z-rotation that the new x and y axes are x’ and y’, a subsequent y-rotation would be about the y’ axis. An example rotation sequence is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> ellipsoid </shape>
<axes> 5, 3, 1 </axes>
<rot_seq_deg>
<axis> z </axis>
<angle> 10 </angle>
</rot_seq_deg>
<rot_seq_deg>
<axis> x </axis>
<angle>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 30 </loc>
<scale> 30 </scale>
</angle>
</rot_seq_deg>
<rot_seq_deg>
<axis> y </axis>
<angle>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 30 </scale>
</angle>
</rot_seq_deg>
</material>
</input>
This represents first a z-rotation of 10 degrees, then an x-rotation of 30-60 degrees, then finally a y-rotation of \(N(0, 30)\) degrees.
Note
Ellipsoids with uniform random distribution will be generated using
<orientation> random </orientation>.
Positions on the unit 4-sphere are generated with a uniform random
distribution, then converted into a quaternion and finally into a rotation
matrix.
Rectangle¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Ellipsoid
Parameters
angle- alias forangle_degangle_deg- rotation angle, in degrees, measured counterclockwise from the +x axisangle_rad- rotation angle, in radians, measured counterclockwise from the +x axislength- the x-direction side length of the rectanglematrix- the orientation matrix of the rectangleside_lengths- equivalent to [length, width]width- the y-direction side length of the rectangle
Both the length and the width of the rectangle must be specified. If either is not specified, the default rectangle is a sqaure with unit side length. If an orientation is not specified, the default is aligned with the coordinate axes.
Sphere¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Sphere
Parameters
d- alias fordiameterdiameter- the diameter of the spherer- alias forradiusradius- the radius of the spheresize- alias fordiametervolume- volume of the sphere
Only one of the above is necessary to define the sphere geometry. If no parameters are specified, the default is a unit sphere.
Square¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Square
Parameters
angle- alias forangle_degangle_deg- the rotation angle, in degrees, of the square measured counterclockwise from the +x axisangle_rad- the rotation angle, in radians, of the square measured counterclockwise from the +x axismatrix- the orientation matrix of the squareside_length- the side lnegth of the square
If the side length of the square is not specified, the default is 1. If an orientation parameter is not specified, the default orientation is aligned with the coordinate axes.
Note
Over-parameterizing grain geometries will cause unexpected behavior.
For parameters such as “side_lengths” and “axes”, the input is expected to be
a list, e.g. <axes> 1, 2 </axes> or <axes> (1, 2) </axes>.
For matrices, such as “orientation”, the input is expected to be a list of
lists, e.g. <orientation> [[0, -1], [1, 0]] </orientation>.
Each of the scalar arguments can be either a constant value or a distribution.
For uniform random distribution of ellipse and ellipsoid axes, used the
parameter <orientation> random </orientation>.
The default orientation is axes-aligned.
Here is an example input file with non-circular grains:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 1 </loc>
<scale> 1 </scale>
</size>
<aspect_ratio> 3 </aspect_ratio>
<orientation> random </orientation>
</material>
<material>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length>
<dist_type> lognorm </dist_type>
<scale> 0.5 </scale>
<s> 0.1 </s>
</side_length>
</material>
<material>
<shape> rectangle </shape>
<length>
<dist_type> cdf </dist_type>
<filename> my_empirical_dist.csv </filename>
</length>
<width> 0.2 </width>
<angle_deg>
<dist_type> uniform <dist_type>
<loc> -30 </loc>
<scale> 60 </scale>
</angle_deg>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
</domain>
</input>
Material Type¶
There are three types of materials supported by MicroStructPy: crystalline, amorphous, and void. For crystalline phases, facets between cells of the same grain are removed before unstructured meshing. For amorphous phases, facets between cells of the same phase are removed before meshing. Finall, void phases produce empty spaces in the unstructured mesh. There are several synonyms for these material types, including:
crystalline: granular, solid
amorphous: glass, matrix
void: crack, hole
The default material type is crystalline. An example input file with material types is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1 </scale>
</size>
<material_type> matrix </material_type>
</material>
<material>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 0.5 </side_length>
<material_type> void </material_type>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
</domain>
</input>
Here, the first phase is an amorphous (matrix) phase and the second phase contains square voids of constant size. A material can contain multiple amorphous and void phases.
Note
Void phases may cause parts of the mesh to become disconnected. MicroStructPy does not check for or remove disconnected regions from the mesh.
Grain Position Distribution¶
The default position distribution for grains is random uniform throughout the
domain.
Grains can be non-uniformly distributed by adding a position distribution.
The x, y, and z can be independently distributed or coupled.
The coupled distributions can be any of the multivariate distributions listed
in the SciPy scipy.stats module.
In the example below, the first material has independently distributed coordinates while the second has a coupled distribution.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1 </scale>
</size>
<position> <!-- x -->
<dist_type> binom </dist_type>
<loc> 0.5 </loc>
<n> 9 </n>
<p> 0.5 </p>
</position>
<position> <!-- y -->
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 10 </scale>
</position>
</material>
<material>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 0.5 </side_length>
<position>
<dist_type> multivariate_normal </dist_type>
<mean> [2, 3] </mean>
<cov> [[4, -1], [-1, 3]] </cov>
</position>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
<corner> 0, 0 </corner>
</domain>
</input>
Position distributions should be used with care, as seeds may not fill the entire domain.
Other Material Settings¶
Name The name of each material can be specified by adding a “name” field. The default name is “Material N” where N is the order of the material in the XML file, starting from 0.
Color The color of each material in output plots can be specified by adding a “color” field. The default color is “CN” where N is the order of the material in the XML file, starting from 0. For more information about color specification, visit the Matplotlib Specifying Colors webpage.
For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<name> Aluminum </name>
<color> silver </color>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size> 1 </size>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
</domain>
</input>
<domain> - Microstructure Domain¶
MicroStructPy supports the following domain geometries:
2D: circle, ellipse, rectangle, square
3D: box, cube
Each geometry can be defined several ways, such as a center and edge lengths for the rectangle or two bounding points. Note that over-parameterizing the domain geometry will cause unexpected behavior.
Box¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Box
Parameters
bounds- alias forlimitscenter- the center of the boxcorner- the bottom-most corner of the box (i.e. \((x, y, z)_{min}\))limits- the x, y, z upper and lower bounds of the box (i.e. \([[x_{min}, x_{max}], [y_{min}, y_{max}], [z_{min}, z_{max}]]\))side_lengths- the x, y, and z side lengths of the box
Below are some example box domain definitions.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Example box domains -->
<input>
<domain>
<shape> box </shape>
<!-- default side length is 1 -->
<!-- default center is the origin -->
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> box </shape>
<side_lengths> 2, 1, 6 </side_lengths>
<corner> 0, 0, 0 </corner>
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> BOX </shape>
<limits> 0, 2 </limits> <!-- x -->
<limits> -2, 1 </limits> <!-- y -->
<limits> -3, 0 </limits> <!-- z -->
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> boX </shape> <!-- case insensitive -->
<bounds> [[0, 2], [-2, 1], [-3, 0]] </bounds>
</domain>
</input>
Circle¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Circle
Parameters
area- the area of the circlecenter- the center of the circled- alias fordiameterdiameter- the diameter of the circler- alias forradiusradius- the radius of the circlesize- same asdiameter
The default radius of a circle is 1, while the default center is (0, 0).
Below are some example circle domain definitions.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Example circle domains -->
<input>
<domain>
<shape> circle </shape>
<!-- default radius is 1 -->
<!-- default center is the origin -->
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> circle </shape>
<diameter> 3 </diameter>
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> circle </shape>
<radius> 10 </radius>
<center> 0, 10 <center>
</domain>
</input>
Cube¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Cube
Parameters
center- the center of the cubecorner- the bottom-most corner of the cube (i.e. \((x, y, z)_{min}\))side_length- the side length of the cube
The defaultt side length of the cube is 1, while the default center is (0, 0).
Below are some example cube domain definitions.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Example cube domains -->
<input>
<domain>
<shape> cube </shape>
<!-- default side length is 1 -->
<!-- default center is the origin -->
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> cube </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> cube </shape>
<corner> 0, 0, 0 </corner>
</domain>
</input>
Ellipse¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Ellipse
Parameters
a- the semi-major axis of the ellipseangle- alias forangle_degangle_deg- the counterclockwise positive angle between the semi-major axis and the +x axis, measured in degreesangle_rad- the counterclockwise positive angle between the semi-major axis and the +x axis, measured in radiansaspect_ratio- the ratio a/baxes- semi-axes of ellipse, equivalent to [a, b]b- the semi-minor axis of the ellipsecenter- the center of the ellipsematrix- orientation matrix for the ellipseorientation- alias formatrixsize- the diameter of a circle with the same area as the ellipse
The default value for the semi-axes of the ellipse is 1. The default orientation of the ellipse is aligned with the coordinate axes. Finally, the default position of the ellipse is centered at (0, 0).
Below are some example ellipse domain definitions.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Example ellipse domains -->
<input>
<domain>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<!-- default is a unit circle centered at the origin -->
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<a> 10 </a>
<b> 4 </b>
<angle> 30 </angle>
<center> 2, -1 </center>
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<axes> 5, 3 </axes>
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<size> 10 </size>
<aspect_ratio> 5 </aspect_ratio>
<angle_deg> -45 </angle_deg>
</domain>
</input>
Rectangle¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Rectangle
Parameters
bounds- alias forlimitscenter- the center of the rectanglecorner- the bottom-most corner of the rectangle (i.e. \((x, y)_{min}\))length- the x-direction side length of the rectanglelimits- the x and y upper and lower bounds of the rectangle (i.e. \([[x_{min}, x_{max}], [y_{min}, y_{max}]]\))side_lengths- equivalent to [length, width]width- the y-direction side length of the rectangle
The default side lengths of the rectangle are 1, while the default position is centered at the origin.
Below are some example rectangle domain definitions.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Example rectangle domains -->
<input>
<domain>
<shape> rectangle </shape>
<!-- default side length is 1 -->
<!-- default center is the origin -->
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> rectangle </shape>
<side_lengths> 2, 1 </side_lengths>
<corner> 0, 0 </corner>
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> rectangle </shape>
<limits> 0, 2 </limits> <!-- x -->
<limits> -2, 1 </limits> <!-- y -->
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> rectangle </shape>
<bounds> [[0, 2], [-2, 1]] </bounds>
</domain>
</input>
Square¶
Class: microstructpy.geometry.Square
Parameters
side_length- the side length of the squarecenter- the position of the center of the squarecorner- the bottom-most corner of the square (i.e. \((x, y)_{min}\))
The default side length of a square is 1, while the default center position is (0, 0).
Below are some example square domain definitions.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Example square domains -->
<input>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<!-- default side length is 1 -->
<!-- default center is the origin -->
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 2 </side_length>
<corner> 0, 0 </corner>
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<corner> 0, 0 </corner>
</domain>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 10 </side_length>
<center> 5, 0 </center>
</domain>
</input>
<settings> - Settings¶
Defaults¶
Settings can be added to the input file to specify file outputs and mesh quality, among other things. The default settings are:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Default settings -->
<input>
<settings>
<!-- File and Console I/O -->
<verbose> False </verbose>
<directory> . </directory>
<filetypes>
<seeds> txt </seeds>
<poly> txt </poly>
<tri> txt </tri>
<seeds_plot> png </seeds_plot>
<poly_plot> png </poly_plot>
<tri_plot> png </tri_plot>
<verify_plot> png </verify_plot>
</filetypes>
<!-- Run Settings -->
<restart> True </restart>
<rng_seeds>
<position> 0 </position>
<!-- RNG can be set for grain shape distributions as well. -->
<!-- For example, <size> 2 </size> seeds the RNG for -->
<!-- sampling size distributions with 2. -->
</rng_seeds>
<rtol> fit </rtol>
<edge_opt> False </edge_opt>
<edge_opt_n_iter> 100 </edge_opt_n_iter>
<mesher> Triangle/TetGen </mesher>
<mesh_size> inf </mesh_size> <!-- used with gmsh -->
<mesh_max_volume> inf </mesh_max_volume> <!-- used with Triangle and TetGen -->
<mesh_min_angle> 0 </mesh_min_angle> <!-- used with Triangle and TetGen -->
<mesh_max_edge_length> inf </mesh_max_edge_length> <!-- used with Triangle -->
<verify> False </verify>
<!-- Plot Controls -->
<plot_axes> True </plot_axes>
<color_by> material </color_by>
<colormap> viridis </colormap>
<seeds_kwargs> </seeds_kwargs>
<poly_kwargs> </poly_kwargs>
<tri_kwargs> </tri_kwargs>
</settings>
</input>
File and Console I/O¶
verbose¶
The verbose flag toggles text updates to the console as MicroStructPy runs.
Setting <verbose> True </verbose> will print updates, while False turns
them off.
directory¶
The directory field is for the path to the output files.
It can be an absolute file path, or relative to the input file.
For example, if the file is in aa/bb/cc/input.xml and the directory field
is <directory> ../output </directory>, then MicroStructPy will write
output files to aa/bb/output/.
If the output directory does not exist, MicroStructPy will create it.
filetypes¶
This field is for specifying output filetypes. The possible subfields are seeds, seeds_plot, poly, poly_plot, tri, tri_plot, and verify_plot. Below is an outline of the possible filetypes for each subfield.
seeds
txt, vtk
Currently the only options are to output the seed geometries as a cache txt file or as a VTK legacy file. The VTK file can be opened in ParaView, with the seeds shown as glyphs.
seeds_plot
ps, eps, pdf, pgf, png, raw, rgba, svg, svgz, jpg, jpeg, tif, tiff
These are the standard matplotlib output filetypes.
poly
txt, poly (2D only), ply, vtk
A poly file contains a planar straight line graph (PSLG) and cane be read by Triangle. More details on poly files can be found on the .poly files page of the Triangle website. The ply file contains the surfaces between grains and the boundary of the domain. VTK legacy files also contain the polygonal grains in 2D and polyhedral grains in 3D.
poly_plot
ps, eps, pdf, pgf, png, raw, rgba, svg, svgz, jpg, jpeg, tif, tiff
These are the standard matplotlib output filetypes.
tri
txt, abaqus, tet/tri, vtk (3D only)
The abaqus option will create a part for each grain and assembly the parts. The tet/tri option will create .node and .elem files in the same format as the output of Triangle or TetGen. VTK files are suitable for viewing the mesh interactively in a program such as Paraview.
tri_plot
ps, eps, pdf, pgf, png, raw, rgba, svg, svgz, jpg, jpeg, tif, tiff
These are the standard matplotlib output filetypes.
verify_plot
ps, eps, pdf, pgf, png, raw, rgba, svg, svgz, jpg, jpeg, tif, tiff
These are the standard matplotlib output filetypes.
For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<settings>
<filetypes>
<seeds> txt </seeds>
<seeds_plot> png, pdf </seeds_plot>
<poly> txt, ply </poly>
<poly_plot> svg </poly_plot>
<tri> txt </tri>
<tri_plot> pdf </tri_plot>
<verify_plot> pdf </verify_plot>
</filetypes>
</settings>
</input>
If a subfield is not specified, that output is not saved to any file.
The exception is, if <restart> True </restart>, then the seeds, poly mesh,
and tri mesh will all be output to txt files.
Run Settings¶
restart¶
The restart flag will read the intermediate txt output files, if they exist,
instead of duplicating previous work.
Setting <restart> True </restart> will read the txt files, while False will
ignore the existing txt files.
rng_seeds¶
The random number generator (RNG) seeds can be included to create multiple, repeatable realizations of a microstructure. By default, RNG seeds are all set to 0. An RNG seed can be specified for any of the distributed parameters in grain geometry. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<radius>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 1 </loc>
<scale> 2 </scale>
</radius>
</material>
<material>
<shape> ellipse </shape>
<axes> 1, 2 </axes>
<angle_deg>
<dist_type> norm </dist_type>
<loc> 0 <loc>
<scale> 15 </scale>
</angle_deg>
</material>
<settings>
<rng_seeds>
<radius> 1 </radius>
<angle_deg> 0 </angle_deg>
<position> 3 </position>
</rng_seeds>
</settings>
</input>
In this case, if the position RNG were changed from 3 to 4 and the rest of the RNG seeds remained the same, MicroStructPy would generate the same set of seed geometries and arrange them differently in the domain.
rtol¶
The rtol field is for the relative overlap tolerance between seed geometries. The overlap is relative to the radius of the smaller circle or sphere. Overlap is acceptable if
The default value is <rtol> fit </rtol>, which uses a fit curve to
determine an appropriate value of rtol.
This curve considers the coefficient of variation in grain volume and estimates
an rtol value that maximizes the fit between input and output distributions.
Acceptable values of rtol are 0 to 1 inclusive, though rtol below 0.2 will likely result in long runtimes.
edge_opt¶
The edge_opt field provides the option to maximize the shortest edge in the
polygonal/polyhedral mesh.
The default is <edge_opt> False </edge_opt>, which skips the optimization
process.
This optimization is performed by making small adjustments to the positions of
seeds surrounding the shortest edge, assessing if the change created an
improvement, then either a) attempting a different change for the same edge if
there was not improvement or b) moving on to the new shortest edge.
The optimization algorithm exits when edge_opt_n_iter iterations have been
performed on the same edge.
This flag is useful if the polygonal/polyhedral or triangular/tetrahedral are
used in numerical simulations, such as finite element analysis.
A high ratio of longest edge to shortest edge leads to a high ratio in maximum
to minimum eigenvalue in FEA stiffness matrices, which can create problems for
the FEA solver.
Setting edge_opt to True will reduce short edges in the polygonal mesh,
which translates into reduced short edges in the triangular mesh.
This optimization process, however, will increase the time to generate a
polygonal mesh.
To track the progress of the optimizer, set verbose to True.
edge_opt_n_iter¶
This field specifies how many times the optimizer should attempt to increase
the length of the shortest edge in the polygonal mesh.
The default is <edge_opt_n_iter> 100 </edge_opt_n_iter>, which limits the
optimizer to 100 attempts per edge.
This field is ignored if edge_opt is set to False.
mesher¶
This field specifies how to mesh the PolyMesh. If set to raster, the output
mesh will contain pixels/voxels of the PolyMesh.
Other options include Triangle/Tetgen and gmsh.
mesh_size¶
This field specifies a target element size if using the gmsh mesher.
mesh_max_volume¶
This field defines the maximum volume (or area, in 2D) of any element in the
triangular (unstructured) mesh.
The default is <mesh_max_volume> inf </mesh_max_volume>, which turns off
the volume control.
In this example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<shape> circle </shape>
<area> 0.01 </area>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 1 </side_length>
</domain>
<settings>
<mesh_max_volume> 0.001 </mesh_max_volume>
</settings>
</input>
the unstructured mesh will have at least 10 elements per grain and at least 1000 elements overall.
mesh_min_angle¶
This field defines the minimum interior angle, measured in degrees, of any
element in the triangular mesh.
For 3D meshes, this is the minimum dihedral angle, which is between faces of
the tetrahedron.
This setting controls the aspect ratio of the elements, with angles between
15 and 30 degrees producing good quality meshes.
The default is <mesh_min_angle> 0 </mesh_min_angle>, which effectively
turns off the angle quality control.
mesh_max_edge_length¶
This field defines the maximum edge length along a grain boundary in a 2D
triangular mesh.
A small maximum edge length will increase resolution of the mesh at grain
boundaries.
Currently this feature has no equivalent in 3D.
The default value is <mesh_max_edge_length> inf </mesh_max_edge_length>,
which effectively turns off the edge length quality control.
verify¶
The verify flag will perform mesh verification on the triangular mesh and
report error metrics.
To include mesh verification, include <verify> True </verify> in the
settings.
The default behavior is to not perform mesh verification.
Plot Controls¶
plot_axes¶
The plot_axes flag toggles the axes on or off in the output plots.
Setting it to False turns the axes off, producing images with miniminal
borders.
The default setting is <plot_axes> True </plot_axes>, which includes the
coordinate axes in output plots.
color_by¶
The color_by field defines how the seeds and grains should be colored in the
output plots.
There are three options for this field: “material”, “seed number”, and
“material number”.
The default setting is <color_by> material </color_by>.
Using “material”, the output plots will color each seed/grain with the color
of its material.
Using “seed number”, the seeds/grains are colored by their seed number, which
is converted into a color using the colormap.
The “material number” option behaves in the same was as “seed number”, except
that the material numbers are used instead of seed numbers.
colormap¶
The colormap field is used when color_by is set to either “seed number” or
“material number”.
This gives the name of the colormap to be used in coloring the seeds/grains.
For a complete list of available colormaps, visit the Choosing Colormaps in
Matplotlib webpage.
seeds_kwargs¶
This field contains optional keyword arguments passed to matplotlib when plotting the seeds. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<settings>
<seeds_kwargs>
<edgecolor> none </edgecolor>
<alpha> 0.5 </alpha>
</seeds_kwargs>
</settings>
</input>
will plot the seeds with some transparency and no borders.
poly_kwargs¶
This field contains optional keyword arguments passed to matplotlib when plotting the polygonal mesh. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<settings>
<poly_kwargs>
<linewidth> 0.5 </linewidth>
<edgecolors> blue </edgecolors>
</poly_kwargs>
</settings>
</input>
will plot the mesh with thin, blue lines between the grains.
tri_kwargs¶
This field contains optional keyword arguments passed to matplotlib when plotting the triangular mesh. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<settings>
<tri_kwargs>
<linewidth> 0.5 </linewidth>
<edgecolors> white </edgecolors>
</tri_kwargs>
</settings>
</input>
will plot the mesh with thin, white lines between the elements.
Python Package Guide¶
The Python package for MicroStructPy includes the following:
microstructpy
├─ cli
├─ geometry
│ ├─ Box
│ ├─ Cube
│ ├─ Circle
│ ├─ Ellipse
│ ├─ Ellipsoid
│ ├─ Rectangle
│ ├─ Square
│ └─ Sphere
├─ seeding
│ ├─ Seed
│ └─ SeedList
├─ meshing
│ ├─ PolyMesh
│ └─ TriMesh
└─ verification
The cli module contains the functions related to the command line interface (CLI), including converting XML input files into dictionaries. The geometry module contains classes for seed and domain geometries. In the seeding package, there is the single Seed class and the SeedList class, which functions like a Python list but includes some additional methods such as positioning and plotting the seeds. Next, the PolyMesh and TriMesh classes are contained in the meshing module. A PolyMesh can be created from a SeedList and a TriMesh can be created from a PolyMesh. Finally, the verification module contains functions to compare the output PolyMesh and TriMesh with desired microstructural properties.
This guide explains how to use the MicroStructPy Python package. It starts with a script that executes an abbreviated version of the standard workflow. The checks, restarts, etc are excluded to show how the principal classes are used in a workflow. The following sections describe the meshing methods, the file I/O and plotting functions, and the format of a material phase dictionary.
The Standard Workflow¶
Below is an input file similar to the Input File Introduction. The script that follows will produce the same results as running this script from the command line interface.
XML Input File
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<input>
<material>
<name> Matrix </name>
<material_type> matrix </material_type>
<fraction> 2 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<size>
<dist_type> uniform </dist_type>
<loc> 0 </loc>
<scale> 1.5 </scale>
</size>
</material>
<material>
<name> Inclusions </name>
<fraction> 1 </fraction>
<shape> circle </shape>
<diameter> 2 </diameter>
</material>
<domain>
<shape> square </shape>
<side_length> 20 </side_length>
<corner> (0, 0) </corner>
</domain>
<settings>
<rng_seeds>
<size> 1 </size>
</rng_seeds>
<mesh_min_angle> 25 </mesh_min_angle>
</settings>
</input>
Equivalent Python Script
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import microstructpy as msp
import scipy.stats
# Create Materials
material_1 = {
'name': 'Matrix',
'material_type': 'matrix',
'fraction': 2,
'shape': 'circle',
'size': scipy.stats.uniform(loc=0, scale=1.5)
}
material_2 = {
'name': 'Inclusions',
'fraction': 1,
'shape': 'circle',
'diameter': 2
}
materials = [material_1, material_2]
# Create Domain
domain = msp.geometry.Square(side_length=15, corner=(0, 0))
# Create List of Un-Positioned Seeds
seed_area = domain.area
rng_seeds = {'size': 1}
seeds = msp.seeding.SeedList.from_info(materials,
seed_area,
rng_seeds)
# Position Seeds in Domain
seeds.position(domain)
# Create Polygonal Mesh
pmesh = msp.meshing.PolyMesh.from_seeds(seeds, domain)
# Create Triangular Mesh
min_angle = 25
tmesh = msp.meshing.TriMesh.from_polymesh(pmesh,
materials,
min_angle)
# Save txt files
seeds.write('seeds.txt')
pmesh.write('polymesh.txt')
tmesh.write('trimesh.txt')
# Plot outputs
seed_colors = ['C' + str(s.phase) for s in seeds]
seeds.plot(facecolors=seed_colors, edgecolor='k')
plt.axis('image')
plt.savefig('seeds.png')
plt.clf()
poly_colors = [seed_colors[n] for n in pmesh.seed_numbers]
pmesh.plot(facecolors=poly_colors, edgecolor='k')
plt.axis('image')
plt.savefig('polymesh.png')
plt.clf()
tri_colors = [seed_colors[n] for n in tmesh.element_attributes]
tmesh.plot(facecolors=tri_colors, edgecolor='k')
plt.axis('image')
plt.savefig('trimesh.png')
plt.clf()
Highlighted are the four principal methods used in generating a microstructure:
SeedList.from_info(),
SeedList.position(),
PolyMesh.from_seeds(),
TriMesh.from_polymesh().
Meshing Methods¶
Laguerre-Voronoi Tessellation¶
Polygonal/polyhedral meshes are generated in MicroStructPy using a
Laguerre-Voronoi tessellation, also known as a Power Diagram.
It is conceptually similar to a Voronoi diagram, the difference being that seed
points are weighted rather than unweighted.
In the PolyMesh.from_seeds() method, the center of a seed is consider
a Voronoi seed point and the radius is its weight.
Non-circular seeds are replaced by their breakdown, resulting in
multiple Voronoi cells representing a single grain.
To retrieve all of the cells that represent a single grain, mask the
seed_numbers property of a PolyMesh.
The Laguerre-Voronoi diagram is created by Voro++, which is accessed using pyvoro.
Unstructured Meshing¶
The triangular/tetrahedral meshes are generated in MicroStructPy using the MeshPy and pygmsh packages. MeshPy links with Triangle to create 2D triangular meshes and with TetGen to create 3D tetrahedral meshes. Pygmsh links with gmsh to produce both 2D and 3D meshes.
A polygonal mesh, PolyMesh, can be converted into an unstructured
mesh using the TriMesh.from_polymesh() method.
Cells of the same seed number are merged before meshing to prevent unnecessary
internal geometry.
Similarly, if the material_type of a phase is set to amorphous, then
cells of the same phase number are also merged.
Cells with the material_type set to void are treated as holes in
MeshPy, resulting in voids in the output mesh.
File I/O & Plot Methods¶
There are file read and write functions associated with each of the classes listed above.
The read methods are:
The write methods are:
The read functions currently only support reading cache text files. The SeedList only writes to cache text files, while PolyMesh and TriMesh can output to several file formats.
The SeedList, PolyMesh, and TriMesh classes have the following plotting methods:
These functions operate like the matplotlib plt.plot function in that
they just plot to the current figure.
You still need to add plt.axis('equal'), plt.show(), etc to format and
view the plots.
Phase Dictionaries¶
Functions with phase information input require a list of dictionaries, one for each material phase. The dictionaries should be organized in a manner similar to the example below.
phase = {
'name': 'Example Phase',
'color': 'blue',
'material_type': 'crystalline',
'fraction': 0.5,
'max_volume': 0.1,
'shape': 'ellipse',
'size': 1.2,
'aspect_ratio': 2
}
The dictionary contains both data about the phase as a whole, such as its
volume fraction and material type, and about the individual grains.
The keywords size and aspect_ratio are keyword arguments for defining
an Ellipse, so those are passed through to the Ellipse class when
creating the seeds.
For a non-uniform size (or aspect ratio) distribution, replace the constant
value with a distribution from the SciPy scipy.stats module.
For example:
import scipy.stats
size_dist = scipy.stats.uniform(loc=1, scale=0.4)
phase['size'] = size_dist
The max_volume option allows for maximum element volume controls to be
phase-specific.
Output File Formats¶
MicroStructPy creates output files for the seed geometries, polygonal meshes,
the unstructured/triangular meshes, and verification data.
Some of these outputs can be written in standard file formats, such as VTK.
Output files with a .txt extension are custom and explained in the
following sections.
List of Seeds¶
The SeedList class can write its contents to a file using the
SeedList.write() method and be read from a file using the
SeedList.from_file() method.
The CLI reads from and writes to seeds.txt in a run’s directory.
This file contains a printed list of all the seeds in the list. Specifically, the seeds are converted to strings and the strings are written to the file.
The file that results looks like:
Geometry: circle
Radius: 1
Center: (2, -1)
Phase: 0
Breakdown: ((2, -1, 1))
Position: (2, -1)
Geometry: ellipse
a: 3
b: 1.5
angle: -15
center: (-5 3)
phase: 1
breakdown: ((-5, 3, 1.5), (-4, 2.5, 1.3), (-6, 3.5, 1.3))
position: (-5, 3)
...
...
...
Geometry: <class name from microstructpy.geometry>
<param1>: <value1>
<param2>: <value2>
...
<paramN>: <valueN>
phase: <phase number>
breakdown: <circular/spherical breakdown of geometry>
position: <position of seed>
For more information on how each seed listing is converted back into an
instance of the Seed class, see Seed.from_str().
Note
For geomtries such as the circle and ellipse, it seems redundant to specify both the center and the position of the seed. The rationale is that some geometries may be specified by some other point instead of the center.
Polygonal Mesh¶
The polygonal mesh (or polyhedral mesh in 3D) can be written to and read
from a .txt file.
It can also be written to .poly files for 2D meshes, .vtk files for
2D and 3D meshes, and .ply files for any number of dimensions.
Text File¶
The text string output file is meant solely for saving the polygon/ polyhedron mesh as an intermediate step in the meshing process. The format for the text string file is:
Mesh Points: <numPoints>
x1, y1(, z1) <- optional tab at line start
x2, y2(, z2)
...
xn, yn(, zn)
Mesh Facets: <numFacets>
f1_1, f1_2, f1_3, ...
f2_1, f2_2, f2_3, ...
...
fn_1, fn_2, fn_3, ...
Mesh Regions: <numRegions>
r1_1, r1_2, r1_3, ...
r2_1, r2_2, r2_3, ...
...
rn_1, rn_2, rn_3, ...
Seed Numbers: <numRegions>
s1
s2
...
sn
Phase Numbers: <numRegions>
p1
p2
...
pn
For example:
Mesh Points: 4
0.0, 0.0
1.0, 0.0
3.0, 2.0
2.0, 2.0
Mesh Facets: 5
0, 1
1, 2
2, 3
3, 0
1, 3
Mesh Regions: 2
0, 4, 3
1, 2, 4
Seed Numbers: 2
0
1
Phase Numbers: 2
0
0
In this example, the polygon mesh contains a parallelogram that has been divided into two triangles. In general, the regions do not need to have the same number of facets. For 3D meshes, the mesh facets should be an ordered list of point indices that create the polygonal facet.
Note
Everything is indexed from 0 since this file is produced in Python.
Additional Formats¶
These additional output file formats are meant for processing and interpretation by other programs.
The .poly POLY file contains a planar straight line graph (PSLG) and
can be read by the Triangle program from J. Shewchuk.
See .poly files from the Triangle documentation for more details.
The .vtk VTK legacy file format supports POLYDATA datasets.
The facets of a polyhedral mesh are written to the VTK file, but not the
region data, seed numbers, or phase numbers.
See File Formats for VTK Version 4.2 for a guide to the VTK legacy format.
The .ply polygon file format is intended for 3D scans but can also store
the polygons and polyhedral facets of a polygonal mesh.
See PLY - Polygon File Format for a description and examples of ply files.
Triangular Mesh¶
The triangular mesh (or tetrahedral mesh in 3D) can be written to and read
from a .txt file.
It can also be written to .inp Abaqus input files, .vtk files for
3D meshes, and .node/.ele files like Triangle and TetGen.
Text File¶
The organization of the triangular mesh text file is similar to the
meshpy.triangle.MeshInfo and meshpy.tet.MeshInfo
classes from MeshPy .
The format for the text string file is:
Mesh Points: <numPoints>
x1, y1(, z1) <- optional tab at line start
x2, y2(, z2)
...
xn, yn(, zn)
Mesh Elements: <numElements>
e1_1, e1_2, e1_3(, e1_4)
e2_1, e2_2, e2_3(, e2_4)
...
en_1, en_2, en_3(, en_4)
Element Attributes: <numElements>
a1,
a2,
...
an
Facets: <numFacets>
f1_1, f1_2(, f1_3)
f2_1, f2_2(, f2_3)
...
fn_1, fn_2(, fn_3)
Facet Attributes: <numFacets>
a1,
a2,
...
an
In MicroStructPy, the element attribute is the seed number associated with the element. The facet attribute is the facet number from the polygonal mesh, so all of the triangular mesh facets with the same attribute make up a polygonal mesh facet.
Note
Everything is indexed from 0 since this file is produced in Python.
Additional Formats¶
Triangular and tetrahedral meshes can be output to additional file formats for processing and vizualization by other programs. These include Abaqus input files, TetGen/Triangle standard outputs, and the VTK legacy format.
The Abaqus input file option, format='abaqus' in TriMesh.write(),
creates an input file for the mesh that defines each grain as its own part.
It also creates surfaces between the grains and on the domain boundary for
applying boundary conditions and loads.
The TetGen/Triangle file option, format='tet/tri', creates .node,
.edge (or .face), and .ele files.
See Triangle and TetGen’s File Formats for more details on
these files and their format.
API¶
microstructpy.cli¶
Command Line Interface.
This module contains the command line interface (CLI) for MicroStructPy. The CLI primarily reads XML input files and creates a microstructure according to those inputs. It can also run demo input files.
-
microstructpy.cli.dict_convert(dictionary, filepath='.')[source]¶ Convert dictionary from xmltodict
The xmltodict
parsemethod creates dictionaries with values that are all strings, rather than strings, floats, ints, etc. This function recursively searches the dictionary for string values and attempts to convert the dictionary values.If a dictionary contains the key
dist_type, it is assumed that the corresponding name is ascipy.statsstatistical distribution and the remaining keys are inputs for that distribution, with two exceptions. First, if the value ofdist_typeiscdf, then the remaining key should befilenameand its value should be the path to a CSV file, where each row contains the (x, CDF) points along the CDF curve. Second, if the value ofdist_typeishistogram, then the remaining key should also befilenameand its value should be the path to a CSV file. For the histogram, the first row of this CDF should be the n bin heights and the second row should be the n+1 bin locations.Additionally, if a key in the dictionary contains
filenameordirectoryand the value associated with that key is a relative path, then the filepath is converted from a relative to an absolute path using thefilepathinput as the reference point. This behavior can be switched off by settingfilepath=False.- Parameters
dictionary (list, dict, or collections.OrderedDict) – Dictionary or dictionaries to be converted.
filepath (str) – (optional) Reference path to resolve relative paths.
- Returns
A copy of the input where the string values have been converted. If only one dict is passed into the function, then an instance of
collections.OrderedDictis returned.- Return type
-
microstructpy.cli.input2dict(filename, root_tag='input')[source]¶ Read input file into a dictionary
This function reads an input file and creates a dictionary of strings contained within the file.
- Parameters
filename – Name of the input file.
- Returns
Dictionary of input strings.
- Return type
-
microstructpy.cli.plot_poly(pmesh, phases, plot_files=['polymesh.png'], plot_axes=True, color_by='material', colormap='viridis', **edge_kwargs)[source]¶ Plot polygonal/polyhedral mesh
This function creates formatted plots of a
PolyMesh.- Parameters
pmesh (PolyMesh) – Polygonal mesh to plot.
phases (list) – List of phase dictionaries. See Phase Dictionaries for more details.
plot_files (list) – (optional) List of files to save the output plot. Defaults to saving the plot to
polymesh.png.plot_axes (bool) – (optional) Flag to turn the axes on or off. True shows the axes, False removes them. Defaults to True.
color_by (str) – (optional) {‘material’ | ‘seed number’ | ‘material number’} Option to choose how the polygons/polyhedra are colored. Defaults to ‘material’.
colormap (str) – (optional) Name of the matplotlib colormap to color the seeds. Ignored if color_by=’material’. Defaults to ‘viridis’, the standard matplotlib colormap. See Choosing Colormaps in Matplotlib for more details.
**edge_kwargs – Additional keyword arguments that will be passed to
PolyMesh.plot_facets()in 2D andPolyMesh.plot()in 3D.
-
microstructpy.cli.plot_seeds(seeds, phases, domain, plot_files=[], plot_axes=True, color_by='material', colormap='viridis', **edge_kwargs)[source]¶ Plot seeds
This function creates formatted plots of a
SeedList.- Parameters
seeds (SeedList) – Seed list to plot.
phases (list) – List of phase dictionaries. See Phase Dictionaries for more details.
domain (from
microstructpy.geometry) – Domain geometry.plot_files (list) – (optional) List of files to save the output plot. Defaults to saving the plot to
seeds.png.plot_axes (bool) – (optional) Flag to turn the axes on or off. True shows the axes, False removes them. Defaults to True.
color_by (str) – (optional) {‘material’ | ‘seed number’ | ‘material number’} Option to choose how the polygons/polyhedra are colored. Defaults to ‘material’.
colormap (str) – (optional) Name of the matplotlib colormap to color the seeds. Ignored if color_by=’material’. Defaults to ‘viridis’, the standard matplotlib colormap. See Choosing Colormaps in Matplotlib for more details.
**edge_kwargs – additional keyword arguments that will be passed to
SeedList.plot().
-
microstructpy.cli.plot_tri(tmesh, phases, seeds, pmesh, plot_files=[], plot_axes=True, color_by='material', colormap='viridis', **edge_kwargs)[source]¶ Plot seeds
This function creates formatted plots of a
TriMesh.- Parameters
tmesh (TriMesh) – Triangular mesh to plot.
phases (list) – List of phase dictionaries. See Phase Dictionaries for more details.
seeds (SeedList) – List of seed geometries.
pmesh (PolyMesh) – Polygonal mesh from which
tmeshwas generated.plot_files (list) – (optional) List of files to save the output plot. Defaults to saving the plot to
trimesh.png.plot_axes (bool) – (optional) Flag to turn the axes on or off. True shows the axes, False removes them. Defaults to True.
color_by (str) – (optional) {‘material’ | ‘seed number’ | ‘material number’} Option to choose how the polygons/polyhedra are colored. Defaults to ‘material’.
colormap (str) – (optional) Name of the matplotlib colormap to color the seeds. Ignored if color_by=’material’. Defaults to ‘viridis’, the standard matplotlib colormap. See Choosing Colormaps in Matplotlib for more details.
**edge_kwargs – Additional keyword arguments that will be passed to
TriMesh.plot().
-
microstructpy.cli.read_input(filename)[source]¶ Convert input file to dictionary
This function reads an input file and parses it into a dictionary.
- Parameters
filename (str) – The name of an XML input file.
- Returns
Dictionary of run inputs.
- Return type
-
microstructpy.cli.run(phases, domain, verbose=False, restart=True, directory='.', filetypes={'poly': ['txt', 'txt'], 'seeds': ['txt', 'txt'], 'tri': ['txt', 'txt']}, rng_seeds={'a': 1730976712, 'angle': 945454018, 'angle_deg': 1012763882, 'area': 626916539, 'aspect_ratio': 2124448744, 'b': 207201140, 'diameter': 153513816, 'phase': 1110523946, 'size': 1284921780, 'volume': 1579651736}, plot_axes=True, rtol='fit', edge_opt=False, edge_opt_n_iter=100, mesher='Triangle/TetGen', mesh_max_volume=inf, mesh_min_angle=0, mesh_max_edge_length=inf, mesh_size=inf, verify=False, color_by='material', colormap='viridis', seeds_kwargs={}, poly_kwargs={}, tri_kwargs={})[source]¶ Run MicroStructPy
This is the primary run function for the package. It performs these steps:
Create a list of un-positioned seeds
Position seeds in domain
Create a polygon mesh from the seeds
Create a triangle mesh from the polygon mesh
(optional) Perform mesh verification
- Parameters
phases (list or dict) – Single phase dictionary or list of multiple phase dictionaries. See Phase Dictionaries for more details.
domain (from
microstructpy.geometry) – The geometry of the domain.verbose (bool) – (optional) Option to run in verbose mode. Prints status updates to the terminal. Defaults to False.
restart (bool) – (optional) Option to run in restart mode. Saves caches at the end of each step and reads caches to restart the analysis. Defaults to True.
directory (str) – (optional) File path where outputs will be saved. This path can either be relative to the current directory, or an absolute path. Defaults to the current working directory.
filetypes (dict) –
(optional) Filetypes for the output files. A dictionary containing many of the possible file types is:
filetypes = {'seeds': 'txt', 'seeds_plot': ['eps', 'pdf', 'png', 'svg'], 'poly': ['txt', 'ply', 'vtk'], 'poly_plot': 'png', 'tri': ['txt', 'abaqus', 'vtk'], 'tri_plot': ['png', 'pdf'], 'verify_plot': 'pdf' }
If an entry is not included in the dictionary, then that output is not saved. Default is an empty dictionary. If restart is True, then ‘txt’ is added to the ‘seeds’, ‘poly’, and ‘tri’ fields.
rng_seeds (dict) –
(optional) The random number generator (RNG) seeds. The dictionary values should all be non-negative integers. Specifically, RNG seeds should be convertible to NumPy uint32. An example dictionary is:
rng_seeds = {'fraction': 0, 'phase': 134092, 'position': 1, 'size': 95, 'aspect_ratio': 2, 'orienation': 2 }
If a seed is not specified, the default value is 0.
(optional) The relative overlap tolerance between seeds. This parameter should be between 0 and 1. The condition for two circles to overlap is:
\[|| x_2 - x_1 || + \text{rtol} \min(r_1, r_2) < r_1 + r_2\]The default value is
'fit', which uses the mean and variance of the size distribution to estimate a value for rtol.edge_opt (bool) – (optional) This option will maximize the minimum edge length in the PolyMesh. The seeds associated with the shortest edge are displaced randomly to find improvement and this process iterates until n_iter attempts have been made for a given edge. Defaults to False.
edge_opt_n_iter (int) – (optional) Maximum number of iterations per edge during optimization. Ignored if edge_opt set to False. Defaults to 100.
mesher (str) – {‘raster’ | ‘Triangle/TetGen’ | ‘Triangle’ | ‘TetGen’ | ‘gmsh’} specify the mesh generator. Default is ‘Triangle/TetGen’.
mesh_max_volume (float) – (optional) The maximum volume (area in 2D) of a mesh cell in the triangular mesh. Default is infinity, which turns off the maximum volume quality setting. Value should be strictly positive.
mesh_min_angle (float) – (optional) The minimum interior angle, in degrees, of a cell in the triangular mesh. For 3D meshes, this is the dihedral angle between faces of the tetrahedron. Defaults to 0, which turns off the angle quality constraint. Value should be in the range 0-60.
mesh_max_edge_length (float) – (optional) The maximum edge length of elements along grain boundaries. Currently only supported in 2D.
mesh_size (float) – The target size of the mesh elements. This option is used with gmsh. Default is infinity, whihch turns off this control.
plot_axes (bool) – (optional) Option to show the axes in output plots. When False, the plots are saved without axes and very tight borders. Defaults to True.
verify (bool) – (optional) Option to verify the output mesh against the input phases. Defaults to False.
color_by (str) – (optional) {‘material’ | ‘seed number’ | ‘material number’} Option to choose how the polygons/polyhedra are colored. Defaults to ‘material’.
colormap (str) – (optional) Name of the matplotlib colormap to color the seeds. Ignored if color_by=’material’. Defaults to ‘viridis’, the standard matplotlib colormap. See Choosing Colormaps in Matplotlib for more details.
seed_kwargs (dict) – additional keyword arguments that will be passed to
SeedList.plot().poly_kwargs (dict) – Additional keyword arguments that will be passed to
PolyMesh.plot_facets()in 2D andPolyMesh.plot()in 3D.tri_kwargs (dict) – Additional keyword arguments that will be passed to
TriMesh.plot().
microstructpy.geometry¶
The geometry module contains classes for several 2D and 3D geometries. The module also contains some N-D geometries, which are inherited by the 2D and 3D geometries.
2D Geometries
3D Geometries
ND Geometries
†: These classes may be used to define seed particles.
‡: These classes may be used to define the microstructure domain.
To assist with creating geometries, a factory method is included in the module:
Module Contents
microstructpy.geometry.Box¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.Box(**kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
microstructpy.geometry.n_box.NBoxThis class contains a generic, 3D box. The position and dimensions of the box can be specified using any of the parameters below.
Without any parameters, this is a unit cube centered on the origin.
- Parameters
-
plot(**kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the box.
This function adds an
mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Poly3DCollectionto the current axes. The keyword arguments are passed through to the Poly3DCollection.- Parameters
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for Poly3DCollection.
-
within(points)¶ Test if points are within n-box.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the n-box. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the n-box.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Flags set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
microstructpy.geometry.Circle¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.Circle(**kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
microstructpy.geometry.n_sphere.NSphereA 2D circle.
This class represents a two-dimensional circle. It is defined by a center point and size parameter, which can be either radius or diameter.
Without parameters, this returns a unit circle centered on the origin.
- Parameters
r (float) – (optional) The radius of the circle. Defaults to 1.
center (list) – (optional) The coordinates of the center. Defaults to (0, 0).
diameter – (optional) Alias for
2*r.radius – (optional) Alias for
r.d – (optional) Alias for
2*r.size – (optional) Alias for
2*r.position – (optional) Alias for
center.
-
approximate()¶ Approximate the n-sphere with itself
Other geometries can be approximated by a set of circles or spheres. For the n-sphere, this approximation is exact.
- Returns
A list containing [(x, y, z, …, r)]
- Return type
-
classmethod
area_expectation(**kwargs)[source]¶ Expected value of area.
This function computes the expected value for the area of a circle. The keyword arguments are the same as the class parameters. The values can be constants (ints or floats), or a distribution from the SciPy
scipy.statsmodule.The expected value is computed by the following formula:
\[\mathbb{E}[A] = \pi \mathbb{E}[R^2] = \pi (\mu_R^2 + \sigma_R^2)\]For example:
>>> from microstructpy.geometry import Circle >>> Circle.area_expectation(r=1) 3.141592653589793 >>> from scipy.stats import norm >>> Circle.area_expectation(r=norm(1, 1)) 6.283185307179586
-
classmethod
best_fit(points)¶ Find n-sphere of best fit for set of points.
This function takes a list of points and computes an n-sphere of best fit, in an algebraic sense. This method was developed using the a published writeup, which was extended from 2D to ND. 1
- Parameters
points (list, numpy.ndarray) – List of points to fit.
- Returns
An instance of the class that fits the points.
- Return type
- 1
Circle fitting writup by Randy Bullock, https://dtcenter.org/met/users/docs/write_ups/circle_fit.pdf
-
plot(**kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the circle.
This function adds a
matplotlib.patches.Circleto the current axes. The keyword arguments are passed through to the circle patch.- Parameters
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for matplotlib.
-
reflect(points)¶ Reflect points across surface.
This function reflects a point or set of points across the surface of the n-sphere. Points at the center of the n-sphere are not reflected.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Points to reflect.
- Returns
Reflected points.
- Return type
-
within(points)¶ Test if points are within n-sphere.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the n-sphere. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the n-sphere.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
microstructpy.geometry.Cube¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.Cube(**kwargs)[source]¶ A cube.
This class contains a generic, 3D cube. It is derived from the
Boxand contains theside_lengthproperty, rather than multiple side lengths.Without any parameters, this is a unit cube centered on the origin.
- Parameters
side_length (float) – (optional) Side length.
center (list, tuple, numpy.ndarray) – (optional) Center of box.
corner (list, tuple, numpy.ndarray) – (optional) Bottom-left corner.
-
plot(**kwargs)¶ Plot the box.
This function adds an
mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Poly3DCollectionto the current axes. The keyword arguments are passed through to the Poly3DCollection.- Parameters
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for Poly3DCollection.
-
within(points)¶ Test if points are within n-box.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the n-box. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the n-box.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Flags set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipse¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipse(**kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
objectA 2-D ellipse geometry.
This class contains a 2-D ellipse. It is defined by a center point, axes and an orientation.
Without any parameters, the ellipse defaults to a unit circle.
- Parameters
a (float) – (optional) Semi-major axis of ellipse. Defaults to 1.
b (float) – (optional) Semi-minor axis of ellipse. Defaults to 1.
center (list) – (optional) The ellipse center. Defaults to (0, 0).
axes (list) – (optional) A 2-element list of semi-axes, equivalent to
[a, b]. Defaults to [1, 1].size (float) – (optional) The diameter of a circle with equivalent area. Defaults to 1.
aspect_ratio (float) – (optional) The ratio of x-axis to y-axis length. Defaults to 1.
angle (float) – (optional) The counterclockwise rotation angle, in degrees, measured from the +x axis.
angle_deg (float) – (optional) The rotation angle, in degrees.
angle_rad (float) – (optional) The rotation angle, in radians.
matrix (numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The 2x2 rotation matrix.
orientation (numpy.ndarray) – (optional) Alias for
matrix.
-
approximate(x1=None)[source]¶ Approximate ellipse with a set of circles.
This function converts an ellipse into a set of circles. It implements a published algorithm by Ilin and Bernacki. 1
Example
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> import microstructpy as msp >>> import numpy as np >>> ellipse = msp.geometry.Ellipse(a=3, b=1) >>> approx = ellipse.approximate(0.7) >>> approx array([[ 0. , 0. , 1. ], [ 0.7 , 0. , 0.96889112], [ 1.38067777, 0. , 0.87276349], [ 2.00213905, 0. , 0.7063497 ], [ 2.5234414 , 0. , 0.45169729], [ 2.66666667, 0. , 0.33333333], [-0.7 , 0. , 0.96889112], [-1.38067777, 0. , 0.87276349], [-2.00213905, 0. , 0.7063497 ], [-2.5234414 , 0. , 0.45169729], [-2.66666667, 0. , 0.33333333]]) >>> ellipse.plot(edgecolor='k', facecolor='none', lw=3) >>> t = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi) >>> for x, y, r in approx: ... plt.plot(x + r * np.cos(t), y + r * np.sin(t), 'b') >>> plt.xticks(np.unique(np.concatenate((approx[:, 0], (-3, 3))))) >>> plt.yticks(np.unique(np.concatenate((approx[:, 1], (-1, 1))))) >>> plt.axis('scaled') >>> plt.grid(True, linestyle=':') >>> plt.show()
Executing the code above produces Fig. 28.
Circular approximation of ellipse, after Ilin and Bernacki.¶
- Parameters
x1 (float or None) – (optional) Position of the first circle along the +x axis. Defaults to 0.5x the shortest semi-axis.
- Returns
An Nx3 list of the (x, y, r) data of each circle approximating the ellipse.
- Return type
- Raises
AssertionError – Thrown if max(a, b) < x1.
- 1
Ilin, D.N., and Bernacki, M., “Advancing Layer Algorithm of Dense Ellipse Packing for Generating Statistically Equivalent Polygonal Structures,” Granular Matter, vol. 18(3), pp. 43, 2016.
-
classmethod
area_expectation(**kwargs)[source]¶ Expected value of area.
This function computes the expected value for the area of an ellipse. The keyword arguments are the same as the input parameters of the class. The keyword values can be either constants (ints or floats) or distributions from the SciPy
scipy.statsmodule.If an ellipse is specified by size, the expected value is computed as follows.
\[\begin{split}\mathbb{E}[A] &= \frac{\pi}{4} \mathbb[S^2] \\ &= \frac{\pi}{4} (\mu_S^2 + \sigma_S^2)\end{split}\]If the ellipse is specified by independent distributions for each semi-axis, the expected value is computed by:
\[\mathbb{E}[A] = \pi\, \mathbb{E}[A B] = \pi \mu_A \mu_B\]If the ellipse is specified by the second semi-axis and the aspect ratio, the expected value is computed by:
\[\begin{split}\mathbb{E}[A] &= \pi\, \mathbb{E}[K B^2] \\ &= \pi \mu_K (\mu_B^2 + \sigma_B^2)\end{split}\]Finally, if the ellipse is specified by the first semi-axis and the aspect ratio, the expected value is computed by Monte Carlo:
\[\begin{split}\mathbb{E}[A] &= \pi\, \mathbb{E}\left[\frac{A^2}{K}\right] \\ &\approx \frac{\pi}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{A_i}{K_i}\end{split}\]where \(n=1000\).
- Parameters
**kwargs – Keyword arguments, see
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipse.- Returns
Expected value of the area of the ellipse.
- Return type
-
best_fit(points)[source]¶ Find ellipse of best fit for points
This function computes the ellipse of best fit for a set of points. It calls the least-squares-ellipse-fitting package, which implements a published fitting algorithm in Python. 2
The current instance of the class is used as an initial guess for the ellipse of best fit. Since an ellipse can be expressed multiple ways (e.g. rotate 90 degrees and flip the axes), this initial guess is used to choose from the multiple parameter sets.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – An Nx2 list of points to fit.
- Returns
An instance of the class that best fits the points.
- Return type
- 2
Halir, R., Flusser, J., “Numerically Stable Direct Least Squares Fitting of Ellipses,” 6th International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics and Visualization, Vol. 98, 1998. (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1.7559&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
-
plot(**kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the ellipse.
This function adds a
matplotlib.patches.Ellipsepatch to the current axes using matplotlib. The keyword arguments are passed to the patch.- Parameters
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for matplotlib.
-
reflect(points)[source]¶ Reflect points across surface.
This function reflects a point or set of points across the surface of the ellipse. Points at the center of the ellipse are not reflected.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Nx2 list of points to reflect.
- Returns
Reflected points.
- Return type
-
within(points)[source]¶ Test if points are within ellipse.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the ellipse. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the ellipse.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Set to True for points in ellipse.
- Return type
-
property
matrix¶ Rotation matrix
- Type
-
property
orientation¶ Rotation matrix
- Type
-
property
volume¶ Same as
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipse.area- Type
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipsoid¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipsoid(**kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
objectA 3D Ellipsoid
This class contains the data and functions for a 3D ellispoid. It is defined by its center, axes, and orientation.
If multiple keywords are given for the shape of the ellipsoid, there is no guarantee for which keywords are used.
- Parameters
a (float) – (optional) First semi-axis of ellipsoid. Default is 1.
b (float) – (optional) Second semi-axis of ellipsoid. Default is 1.
c (float) – (optional) Third semi-axis of ellipsoid. Default is 1.
center (list) – (optional) The ellipsoid center. Defaults to (0, 0, 0).
axes (list) – (optional) List of 3 semi-axes. Defaults to (1, 1, 1).
size (float) – (optional) The diameter of a sphere with equal volume. Defaults to 2.
ratio_ab (float) – (optional) The ratio of a to b.
ratio_ac (float) – (optional) The ratio of a to c.
ratio_bc (float) – (optional) The ratio of b to c.
ratio_ba (float) – (optional) The ratio of b to a.
ratio_ca (float) – (optional) The ratio of c to a.
ratio_cb (float) – (optional) The ratio of c to b.
rot_seq (list) –
(optional) List of rotations (deg). Each element of the list should be an (axis, angle) tuple. The options for the axis are: ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’, 1, 2, or 3. For example:
rot_seq = [('x', 10), (2, -20), ('z', 85), ('x', 21)]
rot_seq_deg (list) – (optional) Alias for
rot_seq, with degrees stated explicitly.rot_seq_rad (list) – (optional) Same format as
rot_seq, except the angles are expressed in radians.matrix (numpy.ndarray) – (optional) A 3x3 rotation matrix expressing the orientation of the ellipsoid. Defaults to the identity.
position – (optional) Alias for
center.orientation – (optional) Alias for
matrix.
-
approximate(x1=None)[source]¶ Approximate Ellipsoid with Spheres
This function approximates the ellipsoid by a set of spheres. It does so by approximating the x-z and y-z elliptical cross sections with circles, then scaling those circles and promoting them to spheres.
See the documentation for
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipse.approximate()for more details.- Parameters
x1 (float) – (optional) Center position of the first sphere. Default is 0.75x the minimum semi-axis.
- Returns
An Nx4 list of the (x, y, z, r) data of the spheres that approximate the ellipsoid.
- Return type
-
best_fit(points)[source]¶ Find ellipsoid of best fit.
This function takes a list of 3D points and computes the ellipsoid of best fit for the points. It uses a published algorithm to fit the ellipsoid, then attempts to define the axes in such a way that they most align with this ellipsoid’s axes. 1
- Parameters
points (list) – Points to fit ellipsoid
- Returns
The ellipsoid that best fits the points.
- Return type
- 1
Turner, D. A., Anderson, I. J., Mason, J. C., and Cox, M. G., “An Algorithm for Fitting an Ellipsoid to Data,” National Physical Laboratory, 1999, The United Kingdom. (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.36.2773&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
-
plot(**kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the ellipsoid.
This function uses the
mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.Axes3D.plot_surface()method to add an ellipsoid to the current axes. The keyword arguments are passes through to the plot_surface function.- Parameters
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for matplotlib.
-
reflect(points)[source]¶ Reflect points across surface.
This function reflects a point or set of points across the surface of the ellipsoid. Points at the center of the ellipsoid are not reflected.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Points to reflect.
- Returns
Reflected points.
- Return type
-
classmethod
volume_expectation(**kwargs)[source]¶ Expected value of volume.
This function computes the expected value for the volume of an ellipsoid. The keyword arguments are the same as the input parameters for the class,
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipsoid. The values for these keywords can be either constants or distributions from the SciPyscipy.statsmodule.The expected value is computed by the following formula:
\[\begin{split}\mathbb{E}[V] &= \mathbb{E}[\frac{4}{3}\pi A B C] \\ &= \frac{4}{3}\pi \mathbb{E}[A] \mathbb{E}[B] \mathbb{E}[C] \\ &= \frac{4}{3}\pi \mu_A \mu_B \mu_C\end{split}\]If the ellisoid is specified by size and aspect ratios, then the expected volume is computed by:
\[\begin{split}\mathbb{E}[V] &= \mathbb{E}[\frac{\pi}{6} S^3] \\ &= \frac{\pi}{6} (\mu_S^3 + 3 \mu_S \sigma_S^2 + \gamma_{1, S} \sigma_S^3)\end{split}\]If the ellipsoid is specified using a combination of semi-axes and aspect ratios, then the expected volume is the mean of 1000 random samples:
\[\mathbb{E}[V] \approx \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n V_i\]where \(n=1000\).
- Parameters
**kwargs – Keyword arguments, see
microstructpy.geometry.Ellipsoid.- Returns
Expected value of the volume of the sphere.
- Return type
-
within(points)[source]¶ Test if points are within ellipsoid.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the ellipsoid. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the ellipsoid.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
-
property
coefficients¶ coeffificients of equation, \((A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L)\) in \(Ax^2 + Bxy + Cxz + Dy^2 + Eyz + Fz^2 + Gx + Hy + Kz + L = 0\)
- Type
-
property
matrix¶ A 3x3 rotation matrix
- Type
-
property
matrix_quadeq¶ Matrix of the quadratic equation
- Type
-
property
matrix_quadform¶ Matrix of the quadratic form
- Type
-
property
orientation¶ A 3x3 rotation matrix
- Type
microstructpy.geometry.n_box.NBox¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.n_box.NBox(**kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
objectN-dimensional box
This class contains a generic, n-dimensinoal box.
- Parameters
side_lengths (list) – (optional) Side lengths.
center (list) – (optional) Center of box.
corner (list) – (optional) Bottom-left corner.
bounds (list) – (optional) Bounds of box. Expected in the form [(xmin, xmax), (ymin, ymax), …].
limits – Alias for bounds.
matrix (list, numpy.ndarray) – (optional) Rotation matrix, nxn
-
within(points)[source]¶ Test if points are within n-box.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the n-box. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the n-box.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Flags set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
microstructpy.geometry.n_sphere.NSphere¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.n_sphere.NSphere(**kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
objectAn N-dimensional sphere.
This class represents a generic, n-dimensional sphere. It is defined by a center point and size parameter, which can be either radius or diameter.
If multiple size or position keywords are given, there is no guarantee whhich keywords are used to create the geometry.
- Parameters
-
approximate()[source]¶ Approximate the n-sphere with itself
Other geometries can be approximated by a set of circles or spheres. For the n-sphere, this approximation is exact.
- Returns
A list containing [(x, y, z, …, r)]
- Return type
-
classmethod
best_fit(points)[source]¶ Find n-sphere of best fit for set of points.
This function takes a list of points and computes an n-sphere of best fit, in an algebraic sense. This method was developed using the a published writeup, which was extended from 2D to ND. 1
- Parameters
points (list, numpy.ndarray) – List of points to fit.
- Returns
An instance of the class that fits the points.
- Return type
- 1
Circle fitting writup by Randy Bullock, https://dtcenter.org/met/users/docs/write_ups/circle_fit.pdf
-
reflect(points)[source]¶ Reflect points across surface.
This function reflects a point or set of points across the surface of the n-sphere. Points at the center of the n-sphere are not reflected.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Points to reflect.
- Returns
Reflected points.
- Return type
-
within(points)[source]¶ Test if points are within n-sphere.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the n-sphere. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the n-sphere.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
microstructpy.geometry.Rectangle¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.Rectangle(**kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
microstructpy.geometry.n_box.NBoxThis class contains a generic, 2D rectangle. The position and dimensions of the box can be specified using any of the parameters below.
Without parameters, this returns a unit square centered on the origin.
- Parameters
length (float) – (optional) Length of the rectangle.
width (float) – (optional) Width of the rectangle. (optional)
side_lengths (list) – (optional) Side lengths. Defaults to (1, 1).
center (list) – (optional) Center of rectangle. Defaults to (0, 0).
corner (list) – (optional) Bottom-left corner.
bounds (list) – (optional) Bounds of rectangle. Expected to be in the format [(xmin, xmax), (ymin, ymax)].
limits – Alias for bounds.
angle (float) – (optional) The rotation angle, in degrees.
angle_deg (float) – (optional) The rotation angle, in degrees.
angle_rad (float) – (optional) The rotation angle, in radians.
matrix (numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The 2x2 rotation matrix.
-
approximate(x1=None)[source]¶ Approximate rectangle with a set of circles.
This method approximates a rectangle with a set of circles. These circles are spaced uniformly along the long axis of the rectangle with distance
x1between them.Example
For a rectangle with length=2.5, width=1, and x1=0.3, the approximation would look like Fig. 29.
Circular approximation of rectangle.¶
-
classmethod
area_expectation(**kwargs)[source]¶ Expected area of rectangle
This method computes the expected area of a rectangle. There are two main ways to define the size of a rectangle: by the length and width and by the bounds. If the input rectangle is defined by length and width, the expected area is:
\[\mathbb{E}[A] = \mathbb{E}[L W] = \mu_L \mu_W\]For the case where it is defined by upper and lower bounds:
\[\mathbb{E}[A] = \mathbb{E}[(X_U - X_L) (Y_U - Y_L)]\]\[\mathbb{E}[A] = \mu_{X_U}\mu_{Y_U} - \mu_{X_U} \mu_{Y_L} - \mu_{X_L}\mu_{Y_U} + \mu_{X_L}\mu_{Y_L}\]Example
>>> import scipy.stats >>> import microstructpy as msp >>> L = scipy.stats.uniform(loc=1, scale=2) >>> W = scipy.stats.norm(loc=3.2, scale=5.1) >>> L.mean() * W.mean() 6.4 >>> msp.geometry.Rectangle.area_expectation(length=L, width=W) 6.4
- Parameters
**kwargs – Keyword arguments, same as
Rectanglebut the inputs can be from thescipy.statsmodule.- Returns
Expected/average area of rectangle.
- Return type
-
plot(**kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the rectangle.
This function adds a
matplotlib.patches.Rectanglepatch to the current axes. The keyword arguments are passed through to the patch.- Parameters
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for the patch.
-
within(points)¶ Test if points are within n-box.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the n-box. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the n-box.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Flags set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
microstructpy.geometry.Sphere¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.Sphere(**kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
microstructpy.geometry.n_sphere.NSphereA 3D sphere.
This class represents a three-dimensional circle. It is defined by a center point and size parameter, which can be either radius or diameter.
Without input parameters, this defaults to a unit sphere centered at the origin.
- Parameters
r (float) – (optional) The radius of the sphere. Defaults to 1.
radius (float) – (optional) Same as
r.d (float) – (optional) Alias for
2*r.diameter (float) – (optional) Alias for
2*r.size (float) – (optional) Alias for
2*r.center (list, float, numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The coordinates of the center. Defaults to
[0, 0, 0].position (list, float, numpy.ndarray) – (optional) Alias for
center.
-
approximate()¶ Approximate the n-sphere with itself
Other geometries can be approximated by a set of circles or spheres. For the n-sphere, this approximation is exact.
- Returns
A list containing [(x, y, z, …, r)]
- Return type
-
classmethod
best_fit(points)¶ Find n-sphere of best fit for set of points.
This function takes a list of points and computes an n-sphere of best fit, in an algebraic sense. This method was developed using the a published writeup, which was extended from 2D to ND. 1
- Parameters
points (list, numpy.ndarray) – List of points to fit.
- Returns
An instance of the class that fits the points.
- Return type
- 1
Circle fitting writup by Randy Bullock, https://dtcenter.org/met/users/docs/write_ups/circle_fit.pdf
-
plot(**kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the sphere.
This function uses the
mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.Axes3D.plot_surface()method to add the sphere to the current axes. The keyword arguments are passed through to plot_surface.- Parameters
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for plot_surface.
-
reflect(points)¶ Reflect points across surface.
This function reflects a point or set of points across the surface of the n-sphere. Points at the center of the n-sphere are not reflected.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Points to reflect.
- Returns
Reflected points.
- Return type
-
classmethod
volume_expectation(**kwargs)[source]¶ Expected value of volume.
This function computes the expected value for the volume of a sphere. The keyword arguments are identical to the
Spherefunction. The values for these keywords can be either constants orscipy.statsdistributions.The expected value is computed by the following formula:
\[\begin{split}\mathbb{E}[V] &= \mathbb{E}[\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3] \\ &= \frac{4}{3}\pi \mathbb{E}[R^3] \\ &= \frac{4}{3}\pi (\mu_R^3 + 3 \mu_R \sigma_R^2 + \gamma_{1, R} \sigma_R^3)\end{split}\]- Parameters
**kwargs – Keyword arguments, see
microstructpy.geometry.Sphere.- Returns
Expected value of the volume of the sphere.
- Return type
-
within(points)¶ Test if points are within n-sphere.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the n-sphere. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the n-sphere.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
microstructpy.geometry.Square¶
-
class
microstructpy.geometry.Square(**kwargs)[source]¶ A square.
This class contains a generic, 2D square. It is derived from the
microstructpy.geometry.Rectangleclass and contains theside_lengthproperty, rather than multiple side lengths.- Parameters
-
approximate(x1=None)[source]¶ Approximate square with a set of circles
This method approximates a square with a set of circles. These circles are spaced uniformly along the edges of the square with distance
x1between them.Example
For a square with side_length=1, and x1=0.2, the approximation would look like Fig. 30.
Circular approximation of square.¶
-
classmethod
area_expectation(**kwargs)[source]¶ Expected area of square
This method computes the expected area of a square with distributed side length. The expectation is:
\[\mathbb{E}[A] = \mathbb{E}[S^2] = \mu_S^2 + \sigma_S^2\]Example
>>> import scipy.stats >>> import microstructpy as msp >>> S = scipy.stats.expon(scale=2) >>> S.mean()^2 + S.var() 8.0 >>> msp.geometry.Square.area_expectation(side_length=S) 8.0
- Parameters
**kwargs – Keyword arguments, same as
Squarebut the inputs can be from thescipy.statsmodule.- Returns
Expected/average area of the square.
- Return type
-
best_fit(points)¶ Find rectangle of best fit for points
-
plot(**kwargs)¶ Plot the rectangle.
This function adds a
matplotlib.patches.Rectanglepatch to the current axes. The keyword arguments are passed through to the patch.- Parameters
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for the patch.
-
within(points)¶ Test if points are within n-box.
This function tests whether a point or set of points are within the n-box. For the set of points, a list of booleans is returned to indicate which points are within the n-box.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – Point or list of points.
- Returns
Flags set to True for points in geometry.
- Return type
microstructpy.geometry.factory¶
-
geometry.factory(**kwargs)¶ Factory method for geometries.
This function returns a geometry based on a string containing the name of the geometry and keyword arguments defining the geometry.
Note
The function call is
factory(name, **kwargs). Sphinx autodocs has dropped the first parameter.
microstructpy.meshing¶
The meshing module contains two mesh classes,
the PolyMesh and the TriMesh.
The polygonal mesh contains a 2D or 3D tessellation of the microstructure
domain, while the triangular mesh is more suitable for direct numerical
simulation (finite element analysis).
Module Contents
microstructpy.meshing.PolyMesh¶
-
class
microstructpy.meshing.PolyMesh(points, facets, regions, seed_numbers=None, phase_numbers=None, facet_neighbors=None, volumes=None)[source]¶ Bases:
objectPolygonal/Polyhedral mesh.
The PolyMesh class contains the points, edges, regions, etc. in a polygon (2D) or polyhedron (3D) mesh.
The points attribute is a numpy array containing the (x, y) or (x, y, z) coordinates of each point in the mesh. This is the only attribute that contains floating point numbers. The rest contain indices/integers.
The facets attribute describes the interfaces between the polygons/ polyhedra. In 2D, these interfaces are line segments and each facet contains the indices of the points at each end of the line segment. These indices are unorderd. In 3D, the interfaces are polygons so each facet contains the indices of the points on that polygon. These indices are ordered such that neighboring keypoints are connected by line segments that form the polygon.
The regions attribute contains the area (2D) or volume (3D). In 2D, a region is given by an ordered list of facets, or edges, that enclose the polygon. In 3D, the region is given by an un-ordered list of facets, or polygons, that enclose the polyhedron.
For each region, there is also an associated seed number and material phase. These data are stored in the seed_number and phase_number attributes, which have the same length as the regions list.
- Parameters
points (list or numpy.ndarray) – An Nx2 or Nx3 array of coordinates in the mesh.
facets (list) – List of facets between regions. In 2D, this is a list of edges (Nx2). In 3D, this is a list of 3D polygons.
regions (list) – A list of polygons (2D) or polyhedra (3D), with each element of the list being a list of facet indices.
seed_numbers (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The seed number associated with each region. Defaults to 0 for all regions.
phase_numbers (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The phase number associated with each region. Defaults to 0 for all regions.
facet_neighbors (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The region numbers on either side of each facet. If not givien, a neighbor list is computed from
regions.volumes (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The area/volume of each region. If not given, region volumes are calculated based on
points,facets, andregions.
-
classmethod
from_file(filename)[source]¶ Read PolyMesh from file.
This function reads in a polygon mesh from a file and creates an instance from that file. Currently the only supported file type is the output from
write()with theformat='txt'option.
-
classmethod
from_seeds(seedlist, domain, edge_opt=False, n_iter=100, verbose=False)[source]¶ Create from
SeedListand a domain.This function creates a polygon/polyhedron mesh from a seed list and a domain. It relies on the pyvoro package, which wraps Voro++. The mesh is a Voronoi power diagram / Laguerre tessellationself.
The pyvoro package operates on rectangular domains, so other domains are meshed in 2D by meshing in a bounding box then the boundary cells are clipped to the domain boundary. Currently non-rectangular domains in 3D are not supported.
This function also includes the option to maximize the shortest edges in the polygonal/polyhedral mesh. Short edges cause numerical issues in finite element analysis - setting edge_opt to True can improve mesh quality with minimal changes to the microstructure.
- Parameters
seedlist (SeedList) – A list of seeds in the microstructure.
domain (from
microstructpy.geometry) – The domain to be filled by the seed.edge_opt (bool) – (optional) This option will maximize the minimum edge length in the PolyMesh. The seeds associated with the shortest edge are displaced randomly to find improvement and this process iterates until n_iter attempts have been made for a given edge. Defaults to False.
n_iter (int) – (optional) Maximum number of iterations per edge during optimization. Ignored if edge_opt set to False. Defaults to 100.
verbose (bool) – (optional) Print status of edge optimization to screen. Defaults to False.
- Returns
A polygon/polyhedron mesh.
- Return type
-
plot(index_by='seed', material=[], loc=0, **kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the mesh.
This function plots the polygon mesh. In 2D, this creates a class:matplotlib.collections.PolyCollection and adds it to the current axes. In 3D, it creates a
mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Poly3DCollectionand adds it to the current axes. The keyword arguments are passed though to matplotlib.- Parameters
index_by (str) – (optional) {‘facet’ | ‘material’ | ‘seed’} Flag for indexing into the other arrays passed into the function. For example,
plot(index_by='material', color=['blue', 'red'])will plot the regions withphase_numberequal to 0 in blue, and regions withphase_numberequal to 1 in red. The facet option is only available for 3D plots. Defaults to ‘seed’.material (list) – (optional) Names of material phases. One entry per material phase (the
index_byargument is ignored). If this argument is set, a legend is added to the plot with one entry per material.loc (int or str) – (optional) The location of the legend, if ‘material’ is specified. This argument is passed directly through to
matplotlib.pyplot.legend(). Defaults to 0, which is ‘best’ in matplotlib.**kwargs – Keyword arguments for matplotlib.
-
plot_facets(index_by='seed', hide_interior=True, **kwargs)[source]¶ Plot PolyMesh facets.
This function plots the facets of the polygon mesh, rather than the regions. In 2D, it adds a
matplotlib.collections.LineCollectionto the current axes. In 3D, it adds ampl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Poly3DCollectionwithfacecolors='none'. The keyword arguments are passed though to matplotlib.- Parameters
index_by (str) – (optional) {‘facet’ | ‘material’ | ‘seed’} Flag for indexing into the other arrays passed into the function. For example,
plot(index_by='material', color=['blue', 'red'])will plot the regions withphase_numberequal to 0 in blue, and regions withphaseequal to 1 in red. The facet option is only available for 3D plots. Defaults to ‘seed’.hide_interior (bool) – If True, removes interior facets from the output plot. This avoids occasional matplotlib issue where interior facets are shown in output plots.
**kwargs (dict) – Keyword arguments for matplotlib.
-
write(filename, format='txt')[source]¶ Write the mesh to a file.
This function writes the polygon/polyhedron mesh to a file. See the Polygonal Mesh section of the Output File Formats guide for more information about the available output file formats.
microstructpy.meshing.TriMesh¶
-
class
microstructpy.meshing.TriMesh(points, elements, element_attributes=None, facets=None, facet_attributes=None)[source]¶ Bases:
objectTriangle/Tetrahedron mesh.
The TriMesh class contains the points, facets, and elements in a triangle/ tetrahedron mesh, also called an unstructured grid.
The points attribute is an Nx2 or Nx3 list of points in the mesh. The elements attribute contains the Nx3 or Nx4 list of the points at the corners of each triangle/tetrahedron. A list of facets can also be included, though it is optional and does not need to include every facet in the mesh. Attributes can also be assigned to the elements and facets, though they are also optional.
- Parameters
points (list, numpy.ndarray) – List of coordinates in the mesh.
elements (list, numpy.ndarray) – List of indices of the points at the corners of each element. The shape should be Nx3 in 2D or Nx4 in 3D.
element_attributes (list, numpy.ndarray) – (optional) A number associated with each element. Defaults to None.
facets (list, numpy.ndarray) – (optional) A list of facets in the mesh. The shape should be Nx2 in 2D or Nx3 in 3D. Defaults to None.
facet_attributes (list, numpy.ndarray) – (optional) A number associated with each facet. Defaults to None.
-
classmethod
from_file(filename)[source]¶ Read TriMesh from file.
This function reads in a triangular mesh from a file and creates an instance from that file. Currently the only supported file type is the output from
write()with theformat='str'option.
-
classmethod
from_polymesh(polymesh, phases=None, mesher='Triangle/Tetgen', min_angle=0, max_volume=inf, max_edge_length=inf, mesh_size=inf)[source]¶ Create TriMesh from PolyMesh.
This constuctor creates a triangle/tetrahedron mesh from a polygon mesh (
PolyMesh). Polygons of the same seed number are merged and the element attribute is set to the seed number it is within. The facets between seeds are saved to the mesh and the index of the facet is stored in the facet attributes.Since the PolyMesh can include phase numbers for each region, additional information about the phases can be included as an input. The “phases” input should be a list of material phase dictionaries, formatted according to the Phase Dictionaries guide.
The minimum angle, maximum volume, and maximum edge length options provide quality controls for the mesh. The phase type option can take one of several values, described below.
crystalline: granular, solid
amorphous: glass, matrix
void: crack, hole
The crystalline option creates a mesh where cells of the same seed number are merged, but cells are not merged across seeds. _This is the default material type._
The amorphous option creates a mesh where cells of the same phase number are merged to create an amorphous region in the mesh.
Finally, the void option will merge neighboring void cells and treat them as holes in the mesh.
- Parameters
polymesh (PolyMesh) – A polygon/polyhedron mesh.
phases (list) – (optional) A list of dictionaries containing options for each phase. Default is
{'material_type': 'solid', 'max_volume': float('inf')}.mesher (str) – {‘Triangle/TetGen’ | ‘Triangle’ | ‘TetGen’ | ‘gmsh’} specify the mesh generator. Default is ‘Triangle/TetGen’.
min_angle (float) – The minimum interior angle, in degrees, of an element. This option is used with Triangle or TetGen and in 3D is the minimum dihedral angle. Defaults to 0.
max_volume (float) – The default maximum cell volume, used if one is not set for each phase. This option is used with Triangle or TetGen. Defaults to infinity, which turns off this control.
max_edge_length (float) – The maximum edge length of elements along grain boundaries. This option is used with Triangle and gmsh. Defaults to infinity, which turns off this control.
mesh_size (float) – The target size of the mesh elements. This option is used with gmsh. Default is infinity, whihch turns off this control.
-
plot(index_by='element', material=[], loc=0, **kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the mesh.
This method plots the mesh using matplotlib. In 2D, this creates a
matplotlib.collections.PolyCollectionand adds it to the current axes. In 3D, it creates ampl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Poly3DCollectionand adds it to the current axes. The keyword arguments are passed though to matplotlib.- Parameters
index_by (str) – (optional) {‘element’ | ‘attribute’} Flag for indexing into the other arrays passed into the function. For example,
plot(index_by='attribute', color=['blue', 'red'])will plot the elements withelement_attributeequal to 0 in blue, and elements withelement_attributeequal to 1 in red. Note that in 3D the facets are plotted instead of the elements, so kwarg lists must be based onfacetsandfacet_attributes. Defaults to ‘element’.material (list) – (optional) Names of material phases. One entry per material phase (the
index_byargument is ignored). If this argument is set, a legend is added to the plot with one entry per material. Note that theelement_attributesin 2D or thefacet_attributesin 3D must be the material numbers for the legend to be formatted properly.loc (int or str) – (optional) The location of the legend, if ‘material’ is specified. This argument is passed directly through to
matplotlib.pyplot.legend(). Defaults to 0, which is ‘best’ in matplotlib.**kwargs – Keyword arguments that are passed through to matplotlib.
-
write(filename, format='txt', seeds=None, polymesh=None)[source]¶ Write mesh to file.
This function writes the contents of the mesh to a file. The format options are ‘abaqus’, ‘tet/tri’, ‘txt’, and ‘vtk’. See the Triangular Mesh section of the Output File Formats guide for more details on these formats.
- Parameters
filename (str) – The name of the file to write. In the cases of TetGen/Triangle, this is the basename of the files.
format (str) – {‘abaqus’ | ‘tet/tri’ | ‘txt’ | ‘vtk’} (optional) The format of the output file. Default is ‘txt’.
seeds (SeedList) – (optional) List of seeds. If given, VTK files will also include the phase number of of each element in the mesh. This assumes the
element_attributesfield contains the seed number of each element.polymesh (PolyMesh) – (optional) Polygonal mesh used for generating the triangular mesh. If given, will add surface unions to Abaqus files - for easier specification of boundary conditions.
microstructpy.seeding¶
The seeding module contains two classes: Seed and SeedList.
The single Seed contains the geometry, phase number, and position
of a seed, while a SeedList functions much like a list of
Seed instances, but with more methods.
Module Contents
microstructpy.seeding.Seed¶
-
class
microstructpy.seeding.Seed(seed_geometry, phase=0, breakdown=None, position=None)[source]¶ Bases:
objectSeed particle
The Seed class contains the information about a single seed in the mesh. These seeds have a geometry (from
microstructpy.geometry), a phase number, a breakdown, and a position.- Parameters
seed_geometry (from
microstructpy.geometry) – The geometry of the seed.phase (int) – (optional) The phase number of the seed. Defaults to 0.
breakdown (list or numpy.ndarray) –
(optional) The circle/sphere approximation of this grain. The format for this input is:
# x y r breakdown_2D = [( 2, 3, 1), ( 0, 0, 4), (-2, 4, 8)] # x y z r breakdown_3D = [( 3, -1, 2, 1), ( 0, 2, -1, 1)]
The default behavior is to call the
approximate()function of the geometry.position (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The coordinates of the seed. See
positionfor more details. Defaults to the origin.
-
classmethod
factory(seed_type, phase=0, breakdown=None, position=None, **kwargs)[source]¶ Factory method for seeds
This function returns a seed based on the seed type and keyword arguments associated with that type. The currently supported types are:
circle
ellipse
ellipsoid
rectangle
sphere
square
If the seed_type is not on this list, an error is thrown.
- Parameters
seed_type (str) – type of seed, from list above.
phase (int) – (optional) Material phase number of seed. Defaults to 0.
breakdown (list or numpy.ndarray) –
(optional) List of circles or spheres that approximate the geometry. The list should be formatted as follows:
breakdown = [(x1, y1, z1, r1), (x2, y2, z2, r2), ...]
The breakdown will be automatically generated if not provided.
position (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) The coordinates of the seed. Default is the origin.
**kwargs – Keyword arguments that define the size, shape, etc of the seed geometry.
- Returns
An instance of the class.
- Return type
-
classmethod
from_str(seed_str)[source]¶ Create seed from a string.
This method creates a seed particle from a string representation. This is used when reading in seeds from a file.
-
plot(**kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the seed
This function plots the geometry of the seed. The keyword arguments are passed through to matplotlib. See the plot methods in
microstructpy.geometryfor more details.- Parameters
**kwargs – Plotting keyword arguments.
-
plot_breakdown(**kwargs)[source]¶ Plot breakdown of seed
This function plots the circle/sphere breakdown of the seed. In 2D, this adds a
matplotlib.collections.PatchCollectionto the current axes.- Parameters
**kwargs – Matplotlib keyword arguments.
-
property
position¶ Position of the seed
This is the location of the seed center.
Note
If the breakdown of the seed has been populated, the setter function will update the position of the center and translate the breakdown circles/spheres.
microstructpy.seeding.SeedList¶
-
class
microstructpy.seeding.SeedList(seeds=[])[source]¶ Bases:
objectList of seed geometries.
The SeedList is similar to a standard Python list, but contains instances of the
Seedclass. It can be generated from a list of Seeds, by creating enough seeds to fill a given volume, or by reading the content of a cache text file.-
append(seed)[source]¶ Append seed
This function appends a seed to the list.
- Parameters
seed (Seed) – The seed to append to the list
-
extend(seeds)[source]¶ Extend seed list
This function adds a list of seeds to the end of the seed list.
-
classmethod
from_file(filename)[source]¶ Create seed list from file containing list of seeds
This function creates a seed list from a file containing a list of seeds. This file should contain the string representations of seeds, separated by a newline character (which is the behavior of
write()).
-
classmethod
from_info(phases, volume, rng_seeds={})[source]¶ Create seed list from microstructure information
This function creates a seed list from information about the microstruture. The “phases” input should be a list of material phase dictionaries, formatted according to the Phase Dictionaries guide.
The “volume” input is the minimum volume of the list of seeds. Seeds will be added to the list until this volume threshold is crossed.
Finally, the “rng_seeds” input is a dictionary of random number generator (RNG) seeds for each parameter of the seed geometries. For example, if one of the phases uses “size” to define the seeds, then “size” could be a keyword of the “rng_seeds” input. The value should be a non-negative integer, to seed the RNG for size. The default RNG seed is 0.
Note
If two or more parameters have the same RNG seed and the same kernel of the distribution, those parameters will not be correlated. This method updates RNG seeds based on the order that distributions are sampled to avoid correlation between independent random variables.
- Parameters
phases (dict) – Dictionary of phase information, see Phase Dictionaries for a guide.
volume (float) – The total area/volume of the seeds in the list.
rng_seeds (dict) –
(optional) Dictionary of RNG seeds for each step in the seeding process. The dictionary keys should match shape parameters in
phases. For example:rng_seeds = { 'size': 0, 'angle': 3, }
- Returns
An instance of the class containing seeds prescribed by the phase information and filling the given volume.
- Return type
-
plot(index_by='seed', material=[], loc=0, **kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the seeds in the seed list.
This function plots the seeds contained in the seed list. In 2D, the seeds are grouped into matplotlib collections to reduce the computational load. In 3D, matplotlib does not have patches, so each seed is rendered as its own surface.
Additional keyword arguments can be specified and passed through to matplotlib. These arguments should be either single values (e.g.
edgecolors='k'), or lists of values that have the same length as the seed list.- Parameters
index_by (str) – (optional) {‘material’ | ‘seed’} Flag for indexing into the other arrays passed into the function. For example,
plot(index_by='material', color=['blue', 'red'])will plot the seeds withphaseequal to 0 in blue, and seeds withphaseequal to 1 in red. Defaults to ‘seed’.material (list) – (optional) Names of material phases. One entry per material phase (the
index_byargument is ignored). If this argument is set, a legend is added to the plot with one entry per material.loc (int or str) – (optional) The location of the legend, if ‘material’ is specified. This argument is passed directly through to
matplotlib.pyplot.legend(). Defaults to 0, which is ‘best’ in matplotlib.**kwargs – Keyword arguments to pass to matplotlib
-
plot_breakdown(index_by='seed', material=[], loc=0, **kwargs)[source]¶ Plot the breakdowns of the seeds in seed list.
This function plots the breakdowns of seeds contained in the seed list. In 2D, the breakdowns are grouped into matplotlib collections to reduce the computational load. In 3D, matplotlib does not have patches, so each breakdown is rendered as its own surface.
Additional keyword arguments can be specified and passed through to matplotlib. These arguments should be either single values (e.g.
edgecolors='k'), or lists of values that have the same length as the seed list.- Parameters
index_by (str) – (optional) {‘material’ | ‘seed’} Flag for indexing into the other arrays passed into the function. For example,
plot(index_by='material', color=['blue', 'red'])will plot the seeds withphaseequal to 0 in blue, and seeds withphaseequal to 1 in red. Defaults to ‘seed’.material (list) – (optional) Names of material phases. One entry per material phase (the
index_byargument is ignored). If this argument is set, a legend is added to the plot with one entry per material.loc (int or str) – (optional) The location of the legend, if ‘material’ is specified. This argument is passed directly through to
matplotlib.pyplot.legend(). Defaults to 0, which is ‘best’ in matplotlib.**kwargs – Keyword arguments to pass to matplotlib
-
position(domain, pos_dists={}, rng_seed=0, hold=[], max_attempts=10000, rtol='fit', verbose=False)[source]¶ Position seeds in a domain
This method positions the seeds within a domain. The “domain” should be a geometry instance from the
microstructpy.geometrymodule.The “pos_dist” input is for phases with custom position distributions, the default being a uniform random distribution. For example:
import scipy.stats mu = [0.5, -0.2] sigma = [[2.0, 0.3], [0.3, 0.5]] pos_dists = {2: scipy.stats.multivariate_normal(mu, sigma), 3: ['random', scipy.stats.norm(0, 1)] }
Here, phases 0 and 1 have the default distribution, phase 2 has a bivariate normal position distribution, and phase 3 is uniform in the x and normally distributed in the y. Multivariate distributions are described in the multivariate section of the
scipy.statsdocumentation.The position of certain seeds can be held fixed during the positioning process using the “hold” input. This should be a list of booleans, where False indicates a seed should not be held fixed and True indicates that it should be held fixed. The default behavior is to not hold any seeds fixed.
The “rtol” parameter governs the relative overlap tolerable between seeds. Setting rtol to 0 means that there is no overlap, while a value of 1 means that one seed’s center is on the edge of another seed. The default value is ‘fit’, which determines a tolerance between 0 and 1 based on the ratio of standard deviation to mean in grain volumes.
- Parameters
domain (from
microstructpy.geometry) – The domain of the microstructure.pos_dists (dict) – (optional) Position distributions for each phase, formatted like the example above. Defaults to uniform random throughout the domain.
rng_seed (int) – (optional) Random number generator (RNG) seed for positioning the seeds. Should be a non-negative integer.
hold (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) List of booleans for holding the positions of seeds. Defaults to False for all seeds.
max_attempts (int) – (optional) Number of random trials before removing a seed from the list. Defaults to 10,000.
rtol (str or float) – (optional) The relative overlap tolerance between seeds. This parameter should be between 0 and 1. Using the ‘fit’ option, a function will determine the value for rtol based on the mean and standard deviation in seed volumes.
verbose (bool) – (optional) This option will print a running counter of how many seeds have been positioned. Defaults to False.
-
write(filename, format='txt')[source]¶ Write seed list to a text file
This function writes out the seed list to a file. The format of the file can be either ‘txt’ or ‘vtk’. The content of the ‘txt’ file is human-readable and can be read by the
SeedList.from_file()method. The ‘vtk’ option creates a VTK legacy file with the grain geometries.For grains that are non-spherical, the spherical breakdown of the seed is output instead of the seed itself.
- Parameters
filename (str) – File to write the seed list.
-
microstructpy.verification¶
Verification
This module contains functions related to mesh verification.
-
microstructpy.verification.error_stats(fit_seeds, seeds, phases, poly_mesh=None, verif_mask=None)[source]¶ Error statistics for seeds
This function creates a dictionary of error statistics for each of the input distributions in the phases.
- Parameters
fit_seeds (SeedList) – List of seeds of best fit.
seeds (SeedList) – List of seeds.
phases (list) – List of input phase dictionaries.
poly_mesh (PolyMesh) – (optional) Polygonal/polyhedral mesh.
verif_mask (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) Mask for seeds to be included in the analysis. Defaults to all True.
- Returns
List with the same size and dictionary keywords as phases, but with error statistics dictionaries in each entry.
- Return type
-
microstructpy.verification.mle_phases(seeds, phases, poly_mesh=None, verif_mask=None)[source]¶ Get maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for phases
This function finds distributions in the list of phases and computes the MLE parameters for those distributions. The returned value is a list of phases with the same length and dictionary keywords, except the distributions are replaced with MLE distributions (based on the seeds). Constant values are replaced with the mean of the seed values.
Note that the directional statistics are not used - so the results for orientation angles and matrices are unreliable.
Also note that SciPy currently does not support MLEs for discrete random variables. Any discrete distributions will be given a histogram output.
Note
Directional statistics are not used and as such the results for orientation angles and matrices are unreliable. The only exception is normally distributed orientation angles.
- Parameters
seeds (SeedList) – List of seeds.
phases (list) – List of input phase dictionaries.
poly_mesh (PolyMesh) – (optional) Polygonal/polyhedral mesh.
verif_mask (list or numpy.ndarray) – (optional) Mask for which seeds to include in the MLE parameter calculation. Default is True for all seeds.
-
microstructpy.verification.plot_distributions(seeds, phases, dirname='.', ext='png', poly_mesh=None, verif_mask=None)[source]¶ Plot comparison between input and output distributions
This function takes seeds and compares them against the input phases. A polygon mesh can be included for cases where grains are given an area or volume distribution, rather than size/shape/etc.
This function creates both PDF and CDF plots.
- Parameters
seeds (SeedList) – List of seeds to compare.
phases (list) – List of phase dictionaries.
dirname (str) – (optional) Plot output directory. Defaults to
..ext (str or list) – (optional) File extension(s) of the output plots. Defaults to
'png'.poly_mesh (PolyMesh) – (optional) Polygonal mesh, useful for phases with an area or volume distribution.
- Returns
none, creates plot files.
-
microstructpy.verification.plot_volume_fractions(vol_fracs, phases, filename='volume_fractions.png')[source]¶ Plot volume fraction verification
This function creates a bar chart comparing the input and output volume fractions. If the input volume fraction is distributed, the top of the bar will be a curve representing the CDF of the distribution.
- Parameters
vol_fracs (list or numpy.ndarray) – Output volume fractions.
phases (list) – List of phase dictionaries
filename (str or list) – (optional) Filename(s) to save the plot. Defaults to
volume_fractions.png.
- Returns
none, writes plot to file.
-
microstructpy.verification.seeds_of_best_fit(seeds, phases, pmesh, tmesh)[source]¶ Calculate seed geometries of best fit
This function computes the seeds of best fit for the resultant polygonal and triangular meshes. It calls the the
best_fitfunction of each seed’s geometry, then copies the other seed attributes to create a newSeedList.The points on the faces of the grains are used to determine a fit geometry. Points on the exterior of the domain are not used since they would alter the shape of the best fit seed.
- Parameters
seeds (SeedList) – List of seed geometries.
phases (list) – List of material phases. See Phase Dictionaries for more information on formatting.
pmesh (PolyMesh) – Resultant polygonal/polyhedral mesh.
tmesh (TriMesh) – Resultant triangular/tetrahedral mesh.
- Returns
List of seeds of best fit.
- Return type
-
microstructpy.verification.volume_fractions(poly_mesh, n_phases)[source]¶ Verify volume fractions
This function computes the volume fractions of each phase in the output mesh. It does so by summing the volumes of the cells in the polygonal mesh.
- Parameters
- Returns
Volume fractions of each phase in the poly mesh.
- Return type
-
microstructpy.verification.write_error_stats(errs, phases, filename='error_stats.txt')[source]¶ Write error statistics to file
This function takes previously computed error statistics and writes them to a human-readable text file.
- Parameters
errs (list) – List of error statistics for each input phase parameter. Organized the same as
phases.phases (list) – List of input phases. See Phase Dictionaries for more details.
filename (str) – (optional) The name of the file to contain the error statistics. Defaults to
error_stats.txt.
-
microstructpy.verification.write_mle_phases(inp_phases, out_phases, filename='mles.txt')[source]¶ Write MLE parameters in a table
This function writes out a text file containing the input parameters and maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for the outputs.
-
microstructpy.verification.write_volume_fractions(vol_fracs, phases, filename='volume_fractions.txt')[source]¶ Write volume fractions to a file
Write the volume fractions verification out to a file. The output columns are:
Phase number
Phase name
Input relative volume (average, if distributed)
Output relative volume
Input volume fraction (average, if distributed)
Output volume fraction
The first three lines of the output file are headings.
- Parameters
vol_fracs (list or numpy.ndarray) – Volume fractions of the output mesh.
phases (list) – List of phase dictionaries.
filename (str) – (optional) Name of file to write. Defaults to
volume_fractions.txt.
- Returns
none, prints formatted volume fraction verification table to file
Troubleshooting¶
This page addresses some problems that may be encountered with MicroStructPy. If this page does not address your problem, please submit an issue through the package GitHub page.
Installation¶
These are problems encountered when installing MicroStructPy.
Missing library for pygmsh on Linux¶
Problem Description
When running MicroStructPy for the first time on a Linux operating system, there is an error message like:
...
src/microstructpy/meshing/trimesh.py:19: in <module>
import pygmsh as pg
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.7.9/x64/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pygmsh/__init__.py:1: in <module>
from . import geo, occ
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.7.9/x64/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pygmsh/geo/__init__.py:1: in <module>
from .geometry import Geometry
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.7.9/x64/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pygmsh/geo/geometry.py:1: in <module>
import gmsh
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.7.9/x64/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gmsh-4.6.0-Linux64-sdk/lib/gmsh.py:39: in <module>
lib = CDLL(libpath)
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.7.9/x64/lib/python3.7/ctypes/__init__.py:364: in __init__
self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)
E OSError: libGLU.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Problem Solution
The libGLU library is misssing from the computer. To add it, run:
sudo apt-get install libglu1
MeshPy fails to install¶
Problem Description
When installing the package, either through PyPI as
pip install microstructpy or from the source as pip install -e . in
the top-level directory, an error message appears during the meshpy install.
The error message indicates that Visual Studio cannot find the pybind11
headers.
Problem Solution
Install pybind11 first by running pip install pybind11, then try to
install MicroStructPy.
Command Line Interface¶
These are problems encountered when running microstructpy input_file.xml.
Command not found on Linux¶
Problem Description
The MicroStructPy package installs without a problem, however on running
microstructpy example_file.xml the following message appears:
microstructpy: command not found
Problem Solution
The command line interface (CLI) is install to a directory that is not in
the PATH variable. Check for the CLI in ~/.local/bin and if it is there,
add the following to your ~/.bash_profile file:
export PATH=$PATH:~/.local/bin
then source the .bash_profile file by running source ~/.bash_profile.
‘tkinter’ not found on Linux¶
Problem Description
The MicroStructPy package installs without a problem, however on running
microstructpy example_file.xml the following error is raised:
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'tkinter'
Problem Solution
To install tkinter for Python 3 on Linux, run the following command:
sudo apt-get install python3-tk
For Python 2, run the following instead:
sudo apt-get install python-tk
Program quits/segfaults while calculating Voronoi diagram¶
Problem Description
During the calculating Voronoi diagram step, the program either quits or segfaults.
Problem Solution
This issue was experienced while running 32-bit Python with a large number of seeds. Python ran out of memory addresses and segfaulted. Switching from 32-bit to 64-bit Python solved the problem.
Changelog¶
All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
The format is based on Keep a Changelog, and this project adheres to Semantic Versioning.
1.5.0 - 2021-09-08¶
Added¶
RasterMesh class, to create pixel/voxel meshes. (addresses #44)
1.4.10 - 2021-06-08¶
Fixed¶
Bug in gmsh for multi-circle seeds.
1.4.9 - 2021-05-14¶
Fixed¶
Bug in gmsh for amorphous and void phases.
1.4.8 - 2021-05-13¶
Fixed¶
Default behavior of
cli.plot_*functions whenplot_filesis not specified.
1.4.7 - 2021-02-07¶
Changed¶
Updated numpy and matplotlib versions.
Fixed¶
String parsing errors.
1.4.6 - 2021-02-07¶
Fixed¶
String parsing errors.
Logo example failing on ReadTheDocs.
3D gmsh with variable mesh sizes.
1.4.5 - 2020-12-24¶
Added¶
Meshing with gmsh can now use different mesh sizes in the interior and on the boundary of grains. The
<mesh_max_edge_length>tag specifies edge lengths on the boundary and<mesh_size>on the interior. If<mesh_max_edge_length>is not used,<mesh_size>is used throughout.
1.4.4 - 2020-12-22¶
Fixed¶
Reading absolute paths from
<include>tags.
1.4.3 - 2020-11-11¶
Fixed¶
PLY file format in 2D.
1.4.2 - 2020-11-3¶
Fixed¶
XML parsing text with parentheses.
1.4.1 - 2020-10-13¶
Changed¶
Upgraded to pygmsh v7.0.2.
1.4.0 - 2020-10-06¶
Added¶
References within XML input files using the
<include>tag.Support for gmsh. (addresses #16)
Citation to SoftwareX publication.
Fixed¶
Color-by seed number in CLI TriMesh plot function.
Expansion of “~” in input filepaths.
1.3.5 - 2020-09-20¶
Fixed¶
Tetrahedral mesh maximum volume setting no longer ignored.
1.3.4 - 2020-08-31¶
Removed¶
Debug print statements from SeedList population fractions method.
1.3.3 - 2020-08-31¶
Added¶
Helper functions for SeedList class.
Fixed¶
Dictionary conversion issue with lists of SciPy distributions.
XML tags in documentation on position distributions.
1.3.2 - 2020-07-11¶
Added¶
VTK output for 2D triangular meshes.
Changed¶
Updated reference to CMAME publication.
1.3.1 - 2020-07-09¶
Added¶
VTK output for seed lists and polyhedral meshes.
Option to compute expected area of ellipse from area distribution.
Option to compute expected volume of ellipsoid from volume distribution.
Fixed¶
Error in verification module for 2D uniform random orientations.
1.3.0 - 2020-06-25¶
Added¶
Option to reduce the presence of short edges in polygonal meshes.
Changed¶
Optimized seed positioning algorithm by using breadth-first search in the AABB tree.
Facets in polygonal meshes are now always defined with a positive outward normal vector.
Fixed¶
Plotting of 3D meshes.
Documentation for empirical PDFs.
Minor errors in examples.
1.2.2 - 2020-05-14¶
Fixed¶
Matplotlib error with undefined axes.
1.2.1 - 2020-05-14¶
Changed¶
Plot methods automatically update figure axes.
Fixed¶
CLI plotting function for triangular/tetrahedral meshes.
1.2.0 - 2020-05-13¶
Added¶
Options to shorten input keyword argument lists for plot methods (addresses #14)
Changed¶
Ellipse of best fit method calls the lsq-ellipse package.
Removed¶
Removed support for Python 2.7.
1.1.2 - 2019-11-07¶
Fixed¶
Paths to demo files in CLI, moved into source directory.
1.1.1 - 2019-11-05¶
Added¶
DOI links to readme and documentation.
Changed¶
Added logos, icons, social meta data for HTML documentation.
Fixed¶
Paths to demo files in CLI.
1.1.0 - 2019-09-27¶
Added¶
An
__add__method to the SeedList class.
Changed¶
Project documentation.
1.0.1 - 2019-09-07¶
Changed¶
Project documentation.
Made project name lowercase in PyPI.
1.0.0 - 2019-09-07¶
Added¶
Project added to GitHub.
